Physiological considerations in shifting carnivorous fishes to plant-based diets

Aquaculture produce a great portion of aquatic derived proteins for human in the world. It has the highest and the fastest growth rate among the protein producing industries. Fish meal (FM) is the main and the most expensive ingredient for aquafeeds production. It provides protein, essential amino acids, energy, minerals and vitamins in aquafeeds. Given the current rapid development of aquaculture industry the competition for limited global supplies of FM may reduce its availability and elevate its price. Thus, finding high quality, economic and environmentally friendly alternative protein sources (APS) for aquafeeds production is vital for sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Among various APS, legumes have been proved to be promising APS because they have medium protein content with suitable amino acid profile, high digestible protein and energy levels, and appropriate minerals and vitamins for the most cultured aquatic species. They also are cost-effective and highly accessible. However, they contain various anti-nutritional factors that may reduce feed palatability and may negatively affect growth and health of cultured aquatic animal species. This chapter provide information regarding legumes and their derivatives as APS, their nutritional quality and their potential drawbacks. In addition, strategies for increasing the efficiency of legumes in aquafeeds are reviewed and discussed.

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“…acidifiers, CAA, phospholipids etc.) in aquafeeds [53,70]. Here the most efficient strategies for reducing ANF in APPS were described:…”

Section: Improvement Of Legumes Efficiency In Aquafeedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legumes, Sustainable Alternative Protein Sources for Aquafeeds

Hekmatpour¹,

Mozanzadeh²

2022

Legumes Research - Volume 2

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“…essential amino and fatty acids) and antinutritional factors (e.g. enzyme inhibitors, lectins, saponins and phytic acid) that can result in negative effects on feed palatability and digestibility, growth, physiology and metabolism (Colombo, 2020; Turchini et al, 2009). This is especially so when only a single source of alternate dietary protein or oil is used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides , Lacépède, 1802) to fishmeal‐, and fish oil‐free diets

McLean¹,

Alfrey

Gatlin

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Research

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Largemouth bass (LMB; ~15.2 g initial weight) was fed one of the five experimental, and a fishmeal (FM)/fish oil (FO) control diet and two commercial (Xinxin, Coppens) LMB feeds for 10 weeks. Fish were dispersed into 24, 110-L aquaria (n = 20/tank) configured as a recirculating system. Aquaria were arbitrarily allocated to dietary treatments in triplicate (n = 60/fish diet). The FM component of experimental diets was replaced using poultry by-product meal and soy protein concentrate. One experimental diet contained FO, whereas in others, FO was replaced with canola, flax and/or algal oil or combinations thereof. At trial end, there were no differences among fish-fed various diets in terms of feed conversion or protein efficiency ratios. Weight gain and survival were similar for experimental groups, and LMB fed the Xinxin commercial feed, but the Coppens feed returned inferior (p < 0.05) weights and higher mortality. Condition factor, fillet yield and intraperitoneal fat ratios were unaffected by diet but hepatosomatic index varied. The Coppens feed caused greatest differences in whole-body protein, lipid and ash contents (p < 0.001). Whole-body fatty acid profiles reflected those of the diet, with algal oil enriched feed illustrating enhanced DHA:EPA ratios.

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“…Diets for farmed Atlantic salmon have evolved considerably over the past 30 years, for environmental and economic reasons, from ones that were largely composed of wild-sourced fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO), to ones that are much higher (>70% of the diet) in plant-based proteins and lipids (Ytrestøyl et al, 2015;Colombo, 2020). Dietary FO typically supplies the omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), which are essential for vertebrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Terrestrial plants do not naturally produce n-3 LC-PUFA (Hixson et al, 2015). This is problematic for a carnivorous, anadromous species like Atlantic salmon, as these essential nutrients, that are normally provided by fish prey (in the wild) and FO (in aquafeeds), are lacking in plant-based ingredients (Tocher, 2015;Colombo, 2020). In aquaculture, this creates a mismatch between the nutrients in the diet (particularly the lack of n-3 LC-PUFA) and what is required by the fish for health and growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater, Landlocked Grand Lake Strain of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a Potential Genetic Source of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Synthesis

et al. 2021

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Selection efforts focused on adaptation to plant-based diets, particularly the ability to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are now emerging in aquaculture. Landlocked salmon (Grand Lake population; GL) may differ from the commercial Saint John River (SJR) strain in terms of PUFA metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine if GL salmon can contribute toward broodstock selection for enhanced PUFA synthesis. Two diets containing either fish oil (FO) or plant-based oil (FO-free) were fed to the SJR and GL strains (∼58 g/fish) for 16 weeks. Growth, liver, and muscle fatty acid (FA) content, and transcript expression of lipid metabolism and inflammation-related genes were evaluated. GL salmon fed the FO diet showed reduced growth compared to SJR salmon (fed either diet); however, GL salmon fed the FO-free diet, growth was not significantly different compared to any group. In liver, SJR salmon fed the FO-free diet had higher levels of n-6 PUFAs (21.9%) compared to GL fed the same diet (15.9%); while GL salmon fed the FO-free diet had higher levels of monounsaturated FAs (48.9%) compared with SJR salmon fed the same diet (35.7%). 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were the same in GL and SJR salmon liver and muscle, respectively, fed the FO-free diet. In liver, GL salmon fed the FO-free diet had higher acac and acly compared to all treatments and had higher fasb compared to both strains fed the FO-diet. GL salmon fed the FO-free diet had higher cd36c and fabp3b in liver compared to GL salmon fed the FO diet and SJR salmon fed either diet. GL salmon fed the FO-free diet had higher lect2a and pgds in liver compared to SJR salmon fed the FO-free diet. In muscle, GL salmon fed the FO-free diet had higher fadsd5 and fadsd6b compared with both strains fed the FO diet. These results suggest there is a genetic basis behind the potential for GL salmon to utilize FO-free diets more efficiently than SJR salmon, with regards to FA metabolism.

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Physiological considerations in shifting carnivorous fishes to plant-based diets

Cited by 36 publications

References 137 publications

Legumes, Sustainable Alternative Protein Sources for Aquafeeds

Legumes, Sustainable Alternative Protein Sources for Aquafeeds

Responses of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides , Lacépède, 1802) to fishmeal‐, and fish oil‐free diets

Freshwater, Landlocked Grand Lake Strain of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a Potential Genetic Source of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Synthesis

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