Physiological changes modulated by rootstocks in atemoya (Annona x atemoya Mabb.): gas exchange, growth and ion concentration

Abstract

Incompatibility reactions of grafted plants are triggered at the moment of grafting and/or at the early stages of re-establishment vascular connections plants; moreover, incompatibility may occur after years in orchard. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth and ion concentrations on early stage after grafting to atemoya scion (Annona x atemoya Mabb.), an interspecific hybrid between cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) and sweetsop (Annona squamosa L.), commonly used in food industry and for 'in natura' consumption, grafted onto biribá rootstock [Annona mucosa (Bail.) H. Rainer] and Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer var. terra-fria and mirim rootstocks to elucidate the physiological mechanisms between grafted plants. Different types of rootstocks evaluated caused variations on scion gas exchange 60 days after grafting (DAG), and these variations reflected in changes in growth at 90 DAG, which was also influenced by differential ion accumulation for each rootstock. The biribá rootstock demonstrated an increase in net carbon assimilation related to carboxylation efficiency and transpiration; however, this rootstock did not result in increased water-use efficiency. The rootstocks exhibited differences in scion leaf ion accumulation, particularly phosphorus and potassium, in biribá and araticum-de-terra-fria, respectively. We concluded that biribá rootstocks increased gas exchange and ion concentration in the atemoya scion, which were reflected directly in the vegetative growth of the scion, indicating that the physiological changes caused by this rootstock to scion do not trigger early incompatibility.

Can early peroxidase quantification detect graft-compatible in anonaceous rootstocks?

“…When the peroxidase activities of araticum-mirim and araticum-de-terra-fria were evaluated it was found that both did not differ, suggesting graft-compatible species. These results corroborate those previously found in the union of araticum-de-terra-fria and atemoya, and are consistent with those obtained by Baron et al (2016Baron et al ( , 2017, who reports that atemoya graft onto araticum-deterra-fria are suitable for seedling formation in commercial orchards.…”

An overview of grafting re-establishment in woody fruit species

“…Thus, the present review provides an overview of the current state of the art for grafting woody plants based on several review articles, research articles, and book chapters, each emphasizing a speci c aspect fi of the procedure, such as grafting techniques or the vascular alignment of cambium tissues ( ; ), candidate gene Pina et al, 2012Lima et al, 2017 ), phenolic compounds ( Chen et al, 2017Zarrouk et al, 2010Irisarri et al, 2016Prabpreea et al, 2018 ; ; ), or phytohormones ( ; ). In addition, several reports fol- Wang et al, 2014Xu et al, 2015 lowing the restoration of the vascular connection focus on scion root-stock interaction in relation to leaf gas exchange ( ; Xu et al, 2015Baron et al, 2017Moreno et al, 2014, ion accumulation ( ; ė 2016), production, and vigor, among other factors. As such, we have presented a number of botanical characteristics that may have a direct in uence fl on the re-establishment of vascular connections.…”

“…Leaf gas exchange in grafted plants is directly a ected by the ff rootstock ( ; ), as the graft partner can Xu et al, 2015Baron et al, 2017 modify the vigor and productivity of the scion species. This indicates a direct role in graft compatibility between both graft partners, as evidenced by responses in chlorophyll content ( ) and Rouphael et al, 2008 the e ciency ffi of photosystem II (PSII) ( ).…”

“…The quanti cation of nu- He et al, 2009Nawaz et al, 2016 fi trients in the leaves is another relevant factor in the study of graft compatibility ( ), as the rootstock is responsible for Rouphael et al, 2008 absorbing water and soil nutrients, thereby directly in uencing the fl mineral content in the shoot of the graft ( ). Several Baron et al, 2017 studies have reported the accumulation of macro-and micronutrients in young plants of rootstock species, though few studies have focused on the concentration of mineral elements in the foliar and root tissues of grafted plants, as well as their interaction and regulation of the processes involved in the re-establishment of woody plants following grafting. The uptake of mineral elements at the biochemical level signals the shoot, which then governs the demand for nutrients (Savvas et al, 2010Marschner, 2012 ).…”

Leaf gas exchanges responses of atemoya scion grafted onto Annona rootstocks

“…Atemoya scion grafted onto araticum-de-terra-fria (ATF) rootstock results in further development of the scion and tolerance to cave nematodes, stem borers, and water stress (Tokunaga 2005). However, araticum-mirim (ATM) rootstock causes dwarfism (Baron et al 2017), which is considered beneficial, as it facilitates the management of commercial orchards (Prassinos et al 2009). Additionally, biribá has been studied to avoid problems with nematodes and stemborers, with improved adaptation to adverse conditions (de Almeida et al 2010) and the facilitation of expanded adaptability in scion (Baron et al 2017).…”