Physiological basis of motor effects of a transient stimulus to cerebral cortex

Amassian, V. E.; Stewart, Mark; Quirk, Gregory J.; Rosenthal, Jean

doi:10.1097/00006123-198701000-00022

Cited by 391 publications

(224 citation statements)

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“…The similarity of the MEP latencies from lateral and medial M1 area, the similarity of latencies with normative values in the published literature (25,26,32), and the small variability of these latencies favor a mono-synaptic corticospinal projection from both the medial and lateral M1 (22,23). TMS has been reported to activate oligosynaptic pathways as well, such as corticoreticulospinal and corticopropriospinal projections (33).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in a contralateral target foot muscle in Füsslers S2 and S3 and foot-user S4 (21) (see Methods for details). TMS of M1 was shown to result in a synchronized discharge of corticospinal tract neurons that have monosynaptic connections with spinal motor neurons (22). Evidence for monosynaptic connections is derived from single motor unit studies in humans where both electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation of M1 produce first poststimulus time histogram peaks that are comparable to the rising time of the excitatory postsynaptic potential of spinal motoneurons (23).…”

Section: Two M1 Foot Representations With Direct Output To Spinal Motormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

Stoeckel

Seitz

Buetefisch

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Human motor development is thought to result from a complex interaction between genes and experience. The well-known somatotopic organization of the primate primary motor cortex (M1) emerges postnatally. Although adaptive changes in response to learning and use occur throughout life, somatotopy is maintained as reorganization is restricted to modifications within major body part representations. We report of a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of experience on the genetically determined somatotopic organization of motor cortex in humans. We examined the motor "foot" representation in subjects with congenitally compromised hand function and compensatory skillful foot use. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 revealed that the foot was represented in the classical medial foot area of M1 and was several centimetres away in nonadjacent cortex in the vicinity of the lateral ''hand'' area. Both areas had direct output to the spinal motor neurons innervating foot muscles and were behaviorally relevant because experimental disruption of either area by TMS altered reaction times. We demonstrate a unique, nonsomatotopically organized M1 in humans, which emerged as a function of grossly altered motor behavior from the earliest stages of development. Our results imply that during early motor development experience may play a more critical role in the shaping of genetically determined neural networks than previously assumed.fMRI ͉ motor development ͉ motor plasticity ͉ nonsomatotopic ͉ TMS

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Two M1 Foot Representations With Direct Output To Spinal Motormentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

Stoeckel

Seitz

Buetefisch

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The major advancement of monitoring techniques being dormant for a long time, was introduced by Tamaki with application of epidural electrodes which allow to monitor D-wave [1] as a more or less online monitoring of the function of descending corticospinal pathways, the major concern of the spine surgeon. The concept of monitoring guiding surgery in spinal disorders, particularly in intramedullary tumour was introduced by the group of Epstein in the 1980s and 1990s [8,3] which was introduced in our institution in the late 1990s by personal communication from both pioneering groups (Tamaki, Epstein).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal intraoperative monitoring during surgery of spinal deformities in 217 patients

et al. 2007

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A prospective study was performed on 217 patients who received MIOM during corrective surgery of spinal deformities between March 2000 and December 2005. Aim is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of MIOM techniques used to monitor spinal cord and nerve root function during corrective spine surgery. MIOM is becoming an increasingly used method of monitoring function during corrective spine surgery. The combination of monitoring of ascending and descending pathways may provide more sensitive and specific results giving immediate feedback information regarding any neurological deficits during the operation. Intraoperative somatosensory spinal and cerebral evoked potentials combined with continuous EMG and motor evoked potentials of the spinal cord and muscles were evaluated and compared with postoperative clinical neurological changes. A total of 217 consecutive patients with spinal deformities of different aetiologies were monitored by means of MIOM during the surgical procedure. Out of which 201 patients presented true negative findings while one patient presented false negative and three patients presented false positive findings. Twelve patients presented true positive findings where neurological deficit after the operation was predicted. All neurological deficits in those 12 patients recovered completely. The sensitivity of MIOM applied during surgery of spinal deformities has been calculated of 92.3% and the specificity 98.5%. Based upon the results of this study MIOM is an effective method of monitoring the spinal cord and nerve root function during corrective surgery of spinal deformities and consequently improves postoperative results. The Wake-up test for surgical procedure of spinal deformities became obsolete in our institution.

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“…69 Due to the design of the present implantable stimulators, however, options are limited to cathodal stimulation only. Also, and more importantly, work by Hanajima et al 70 found that cathodal chronic stimulation activated neurons in the motor cortex at levels lower than did anodal stimulation.…”

Section: Surgical and Cortical Mapping Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Cortex Stimulation for Pain and Movement Disorders

Arle

Shils

2008

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary:Since initial reports in the early 1990s, stimulation of the M1 region of the cortex (MCS) has been used to treat chronic refractory pain conditions and a variety of movement disorders. A Medline search of literature between 1991 and 2007 revealed 512 cases using MCS. Although most of these relate to the treatment of pain (422), 84 of them involve movement disorders. More recently, several studies have specifically looked at treating Parkinson's disease (PD) with MCS. We report here several of our own cases using MCS to treat poststroke and non-poststroke pain syndromes and movement disorders (n ϭ 8), PD (n ϭ 4), ET (n ϭ 2), and cortico-basal degeneration (n ϭ 1). We also cover the essential history of this procedure and our current research using computational modeling to understand further the underlying mechanisms of MCS.

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Physiological basis of motor effects of a transient stimulus to cerebral cortex

Cited by 391 publications

References 0 publications

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

Multimodal intraoperative monitoring during surgery of spinal deformities in 217 patients

Motor Cortex Stimulation for Pain and Movement Disorders

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