Physiological Aspects of Peanut Yield Improvement¹

Abstract

Development of new peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars over the past 40 years has more than doubled yield potential. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the physiological changes made in the course of this varietal improvement that are responsible for the great increase in yield potential. Weekly harvests of large samples of four Florida cultivars, a Spanish peanut type, and one soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultlvar gave the information needed to show the progressive changes in dry weights of all plant parts throughout the growing season. Other weekly samplings and observations gave numbers of pegs, flowers, and fruits as well as fruit weights, root length, shoot length, and leaf areas. Quantitative estimates of the physiologlcal factors responsible for the dry weight differences were made by computer simulation using the PENUTZ model. Differences in three physiological processes explain most of the yield variation among the five peanut cultivars; the partitioning of assimilate between vegetative and reproductive parts, the length of the filling period, and the rate of fruit establishment. Of these, the partitioning of assimilate had the greatest effect on fruit yield. Estimates of partitioning to fruit ranged from 41% in the first cultivar released to 98% in the most recently released cultivar. Crop growth rates did not differ significantly among peanut cultivars but all were much higher than the crop growth rate of soybeans.

Plasticidade da cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) em diferentes arranjos espaciais.

“…Inúmeros estudos (Donald & Hamblin, 1976) econômica tem sido responsável por essa tendência (Donald, 1963;Donald & Hamblin, 1976;Duncan et al, 1978;Peixoto, 1998).…”

Germ Plasm Diversity of Groundnut Based on the Character of Morphology, Result, and Oil Content

“…Tretes dan SH 8013-0-33-3 telah menghasilkan produksi polong diatas 2000 g/plot, bobot polong diatas 20 g/tanaman dan mempunyai polong hampa yang sedikit. Secara fisiologi, hasil produksi polong kacang tanah lebih ditentukan oleh jumlah dan berat polong, periode berbunga dan pengisian polong (Duncan et al, 1978), besarnya translokasi fotosintat ke polong (Ketring et al, 1982), dan laju pertumbuhan tanaman selama pengisian polong hingga panen (Pakhamas et al, 2008).…”

“…Ketiga karakter tanaman tersebut, umumnya dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan terutama temperatur. Suhu optimum antara 28 -30 °C dapat tumbuh dengan baik bagi tanaman kacang tanah (Prasad et al, 2011), dan karakter tersebut telah menentukan keberhasilan hasil produksi (Duncan et al, 1978) Jumlah polong isi per tanaman mempunyai kisaran antara 7 -23 polong, dengan jumlah polong >17 buah sebanyak 40 aksesi. Pada jumlah polong hampa <3 buah sebanyak 151 aksesi (75%).…”

A comparison of several grain legumes at two sowing times

“…(Duncan et al 1978), lupins (Farrington et al 1977;Hocking & Pate 1977), and cowpeas (Eaglesham et al 1977) show that N is generally a mobile element and its concentration declines markedly in non-seed tissues as the seed develops.…”

“…Within the 'self-destruction' hypothesis, variation in protein yield and seed protein concentration could occur because of differences in such factors as rate or duration ofN uptake, N fixation due to different partitioning of carbohydrate for fixation (Sinclair & de Wit 1976), N demand due to differences in seed concentration or number of seeds, or variation in ability to release N from non-seed components (Duncan et al 1978). One or more of these or other factors could have caused the variation in protein yields reported by Withers (I 979a).…”