Physiological and toxicological aspects of combustion of natural and synthetic materials: Past, present and future

Einhorn, I. N.; Grunnet, Margaret L.

doi:10.1016/0379-7112(78)90002-4

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This is followed by confusion and loss of consciousness due to the asphyxiant effects of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Victims then die within a few minutes from cardiorespiratory failure, or if rescued alive at the fire scene may suffer permanent injury or death due to neurological damage from asphyxiants or respiritatory tract injury, involving treachobronchitis, lung inflammation and oedema, often followed by pneumonia, from the inhalation or irritant smoke or from burns [2,3,4,5].…”

Section: Fire Scenarios and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes contribute to an ever-growing diversity of chemical species found in fires, many of them highly toxic [1,2]. While there is still a belief that carbon monoxide is the major toxic agent responsible for deaths in fires, the changing nature of materials in interior finishes and furniture, with the increasing volume of synthetic materials containing nitrogen (capable of generating hydrogen cyanide) and halogen and phosphorus (capable of releasing acid gases organic environmental contaminants), are now well-recognized cause of incapacitation, morbidity and mortality in domestic fires [3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of fire deaths in Poland and influence of smoke toxicity

Giebułtowicz

Ruzycka-Ayoush

Wroczyński

et al. 2017

Forensic Science International

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Dwelling fires have changed over the years because building contents and the materials used in then have changed. They all contribute to an ever-growing diversity of chemical species found in fires, many of them highly toxic. These arise largely from the changing nature of materials in interior finishes and furniture, with an increasing content of synthetic materials containing higher levels of nitrogen, halogen and phosphorus additives. While there is still a belief that carbon monoxide is the major lethal toxic agent in fires, the hydrogen cyanide and acid gases released from these additives are now well-recognised as major contributory causes of incapacitation, morbidity and mortality in domestic fires. Data for the total number of 263 fire death cases in the Mazowieckie region (mainly Warsaw area) of Poland between 2003-2011 for dwellings fires were obtained from pathologists, forensic toxicologists, fire fighters and analysed. Factors contributing to the death such as the findings of the full post mortem examination (age, sex, health status, burns), the toxicological analysis (carbon monoxide, alcohol etc.), and a thorough investigation of the scene (fire conditions, fuel, etc.) were taken into account and are summarised.

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Section: Fire Scenarios and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of fire deaths in Poland and influence of smoke toxicity

Giebułtowicz

Ruzycka-Ayoush

Wroczyński

et al. 2017

Forensic Science International

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“…These two independent observations were interpreted as being causally linked, which started a wave of .experimentation in combustion toxicology (Einhorn and Grunnet, 1977). A variety of pieces of apparatus was used to generate the combustion products which were examined for their effects on an equally wide variety of laboratory animal species and experimental protocols.…”

Section: Introduction During the Early 1970's Two Trends Were Noted; mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Combustion Toxicology of Polyvinylchloride Revisited

Doe¹

1987

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The combustion toxicology of polyvinylchloride (PVC) has been studied extensively against a background of increasing understanding of the relevance of the toxicity of combustion products in fires. Most materials have a similar toxic potency and demonstrate asphyxia and irritancy when thermally decomposed. Hydrogen chloride is a major toxicant produced by PVC, which accounts for the irritancy shown by PVC combustion products. Carbon monoxide is also produced which becomes the most significant toxicant if the hydrogen chloride levels are reduced, which can occur rapidly in fires. The toxic potency lies within the range of 300-3000 mg/l. mins, which is similar to the majority of polymeric materials whether natural or synthetic.The toxicity of PVC can be accounted for in hazard estimation either by an assumed toxic potency based on weight loss calculations or by predicting the concentrations of hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide. The toxicology of hydrogen chloride has been well studied and has been overestimated in the past and codes using toxicity factors for hydrogen chloride should be revised in the light of modern data. In addition, hydrogen chloride levels have been shown to decay rapidly in fires and this factor, coupled with the good flammability per-

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Toxicity index and the time taken to incapacitate mice under combustion gases of burning wooden materials

Wang

Tsai

2004

J Wood Sci

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Physiological and toxicological aspects of combustion of natural and synthetic materials: Past, present and future

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Analysis of fire deaths in Poland and influence of smoke toxicity

Analysis of fire deaths in Poland and influence of smoke toxicity

The Combustion Toxicology of Polyvinylchloride Revisited

Toxicity index and the time taken to incapacitate mice under combustion gases of burning wooden materials

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