Physiological and subjective responses to maximal repetitive lifting employing stoop and squat technique

Hagen, Kåre Birger; Hallén, Jostein; Harms‐Ringdahl, Karin

doi:10.1007/bf00357625

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Heart rate was monitored throughout the test in order to check the steady state of the cardiac response averaged for each work-recovery cycle. After the completion of 12 consecutive sprints of each session, subjects stopped pedalling and were asked to indicate the central rate of perceived exertion (RPE) for sensations involving the cardiorespiratory system and the local feeling of strain in the thighs (Hagen et al 1993). The degree of subjective cardiorespiratory perception of the effort was assessed using the unmodified 15-grade (from 6 to 20) Borg RPE scale.…”

Section: Days 2 and 3 Submaximal Protocol And Supramaximal Intermittmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of two pedalling rate conditions on mechanical output and physiological responses during all-out intermittent exercise

et al. 2003

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two cycling velocities on power output and concomitant metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to repeated all-out exercises. Mean power output (P(m)), total work ( W(tot)), total oxygen consumption (VO(2tot)) and blood lactate accumulation (delta[La](b)) were evaluated in 13 male subjects who performed two series of twelve 5-s bouts of sprint cycling. Recovery periods of 45-s were allowed between trials. One series was executed at optimal velocity (V(opt): velocity for greatest power) and the other one at 50% V(opt) (0.5 V(opt)). Velocities obtained in these conditions were V(opt=)116.6 (4.7) rpm; 0.5V(opt)=60.6 (4.9) rpm. After a phase of adaptation in oxygen uptake in the first part of the series, the data from the 6th to the 12th sprint were as follows: P(m), 924.6 (73.9) versus 689.2 (61.8) W; W(tot), 29.95 (4.14) versus 22.04 (3.17) kJ; VO(2tot), 12.80 (1.36) versus 10.58 (1.37) l; delta[La](b), 2.72 (1.22) versus 0.64 (0.79) mmol x l(-1), respectively (P<0.001). Both W(tot) and VO(2tot) were consistently higher at optimal velocity (+21 and +35.8%, respectively). The present findings demonstrate that during intermittent short-term all-out exercise requiring maximal activation, the energy turnover is not necessarily maximal. It depends on muscle contraction velocity. The increase, lower than expected, in metabolic response from 0.5 V(opt) to V(opt) suggests also that mechanical efficiency is higher at V(opt).

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Section: Days 2 and 3 Submaximal Protocol And Supramaximal Intermittmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of two pedalling rate conditions on mechanical output and physiological responses during all-out intermittent exercise

et al. 2003

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“…In comparison, O 2peak during repetitive lifting (RL) has received less attention (Hagen et al 1993;Sharp et al 1988). This is unfortunate since RL represents a physical task that is encountered frequently in industrial, military, and emergency-rescue professions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender comparison of peak oxygen uptake: repetitive box lifting versus treadmill running

Nindl

Sharp

Mello

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The gender differences in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) for various modes of exercise have been examined previously; however, no direct gender comparisons have been made during repetitive lifting (RL). In the present study the VO2peak between RL and treadmill running (TR) was compared between 20 men [mean (SD) age, height, body mass and body fat: 21 (3) years, 1.79 (0.06) m, 81 (9) kg, 19 (6)%, respectively] and 20 women [mean (SD) age, height, body mass and body fat: 21 (3) years, 1.63 (0.05) m, 60 (7) kg, 27 (6)%, respectively]. VO2peak (l x min[-1]), defined as the highest value obtained during exercise to volitional fatigue, was determined using discontinuous protocols with treadmill grade or box mass incremented to increase exercise intensity. For RL VO2peak, a pneumatically driven shelf was used to lower a loaded box to the floor, and subjects then lifted the box, at a rate of 15 lifts x min(-1). VO2peak (l x min(-1) and ml x kg(-1) x min[-1]) and minute ventilation (VE, l x min[-1]) were determined using an on-line gas analysis system. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant gender effects, with men having higher values for VO2peak (l x min(-1) and ml x kg(-1) x min[-1]) and VE, but women having higher values of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2). There were also mode of exercise effects, with TR values being higher for VO2peak (l x min(-1) and ml x kg(-1) x min[-1]) and VE and an interaction effect for VO2peak (l x min(-1) and ml x kg(-1) x min[-1]) and VE/VO2. The women obtained a greater percentage (approximately 84%) of their TR VO2peak during RL than did the men (approximately 79%). There was a marginal tendency for women to decrease and men to increase their VE/VO2 when comparing TR with RL. The magnitude of the gender differences between the two exercise modalities appeared to be similar for heart rate, VE and R, but differed for VO2peak (l x min(-1) and ml x kg(-1) x min[-1]). Lifting to an absolute height (1.32 m for the RL protocol) may present a different physical challenge to men and women with respect to the degree of involvement of the muscle groups used during lifting and ventilation.

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“…The importance of the squat versus stoop lifting technique has, however, been downplayed due to the lack of a clear biomechanical rationale for the promotion of either style [25,48,66]. Many workers, despite instruction to the contrary, prefer the stoop lift due to its easier operation, lower energy consumption in repetitive lifting tasks [38,42] and better balance [97]. Besides, it is known that squat lift is not always possible due to the lift set up and load size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of squat and stoop dynamic liftings: muscle forces and internal spinal loads

2006

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Despite the well-recognized role of lifting in back injuries, the relative biomechanical merits of squat versus stoop lifting remain controversial. In vivo kinematics measurements and model studies are combined to estimate trunk muscle forces and internal spinal loads under dynamic squat and stoop lifts with and without load in hands. Measurements were performed on healthy subjects to collect segmental rotations during lifts needed as input data in subsequent model studies. The model accounted for nonlinear properties of the ligamentous spine, wrapping of thoracic extensor muscles to take curved paths in flexion and trunk dynamic characteristics (inertia and damping) while subject to measured kinematics and gravity/ external loads. A dynamic kinematics-driven approach was employed accounting for the spinal synergy by simultaneous consideration of passive structures and muscle forces under given posture and loads. Results satisfied kinematics and dynamic equilibrium conditions at all levels and directions. Net moments, muscle forces at different levels, passive (muscle or ligamentous) forces and internal compression/shear forces were larger in stoop lifts than in squat ones. These were due to significantly larger thorax, lumbar and pelvis rotations in stoop lifts. For the relatively slow lifting tasks performed in this study with the lowering and lifting phases each lasting~2 s, the effect of inertia and damping was not, in general, important. Moreover, posterior shift in the position of the external load in stoop lift reaching the same lever arm with respect to the S1 as that in squat lift did not influence the conclusion of this study on the merits of squat lifts over stoop ones. Results, for the tasks considered, advocate squat lifting over stoop lifting as the technique of choice in reducing net moments, muscle forces and internal spinal loads (i.e., moment, compression and shear force).

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Physiological and subjective responses to maximal repetitive lifting employing stoop and squat technique

Cited by 57 publications

References 21 publications

Influence of two pedalling rate conditions on mechanical output and physiological responses during all-out intermittent exercise

Influence of two pedalling rate conditions on mechanical output and physiological responses during all-out intermittent exercise

Gender comparison of peak oxygen uptake: repetitive box lifting versus treadmill running

Analysis of squat and stoop dynamic liftings: muscle forces and internal spinal loads

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