Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) during Fruit Ripening

Abstract

Physiological and metabolic profiles in tamarillo were investigated to reveal the molecular changes during fruit maturation. The firmness, ethylene production, soluble sugar contents, and metabolomic analysis were determined in tamarillo fruit at different maturity stages. The firmness of tamarillo fruit gradually decreased during fruit ripening with increasing fructose and glucose accumulation. The rapid increase in ethylene production was found in mature fruit. Based on the untargeted metabolomic analysis, we found that amino acids, phospholipids, monosaccharides, and vitamin-related metabolites were identified as being changed during ripening. The contents of malic acid and citric acid were significantly decreased in mature fruits. Metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, and thiamine metabolism pathways showed high abundance in mature fruits. However, we also found that most of the mature-enhanced metabolites showed reduced abundance in over-mature fruits. These results reveal the molecular profiles during tamarillo fruit maturing and suggest tamarillos have potential benefits with high nutrition and health function.

Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Sensory, and Starch Digestibility Properties of Steamed Bread Fortified with Tamarillo Powder

“…As expected, the TP in this study was rich in total phenols, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, and total carotenoids ( Table 3 ). This result was similar to other studies [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Free radicals have been reported to be involved in the progression of various human diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis [ 39 ].…”

“…), also known as tree tomato, is a kind of Solanaceae fruit that grows in the subtropical climate of South America, especially the countries across the Andes Mountains. It is a subtropical fruit with unique color and flavor, rich in nutrients and bioactive components, including minerals; dietary fiber; non-starch polysaccharides; vitamins A, C, B 6 , E, and K, carotenoids; phenolic compounds; and anthocyanins [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Its potential health benefits comprise anti-obesity [ 16 ], anti-inflammatory [ 16 ], antibacterial [ 17 ], antioxidant [ 10 , 12 , 18 , 19 ], and anti-tumor [ 11 , 18 ] properties; inhibition of enzymes activity related to metabolic syndrome characteristics [ 19 ]; and a potential “multitarget” activity against Alzheimer’s disease [ 20 ].…”

Dynamic Changes of Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression in ‘Snow White’ Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Fruit throughout Development and Ripening

“…The fruit development and ripening in SW ( Figure 1 B) adhered to the typical single sigmoid curve, as was previously described for ‘Dawuxing’ loquat [ 23 ]. Loquat fruit ripening is characterized by a multitude of physiological and biochemical transformations, encompassing sugars, acids, phenolic compounds, and other aspects of nutritional quality [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Soil cadmium pollution facilitated the invasion of alligator weed through enhanced herbivore resistance and competitive ability over a congeneric species

“…Mobile phase A consisted of 95% water + 5% acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B consisted of 47.5% acetonitrile + 47.5% isopropyl alcohol + 5% water (containing 0.1% formic acid). The solvent gradient was changed as described by Hu et al (2023). The sample injection volume was 2 µL and the flow rate was set to 0.4 mL min −1 .…”

“…The MS parameters for detection were as follows: the scan range was 70–1050 m/z; the sheath gas flow rate was 50 arb; the heater temperature was 425°C; the capillary temperature was 325°C; the ESI source voltages were +3.5 and −3.5 kV, respectively; and the normalized collision energy was set at 20, 40 and 60 eV, respectively. The optimal conditions were set the same as described by Hu et al (2023).…”