Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats

Keim, Kevin L.; Sigg, E.B.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(76)90244-6

Cited by 130 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the light period, the acute single stressor stimulated the HPA axis, resulting in increased plasma corticosterone, as was shown by earlier studies (e.g., Keim & Sigg, 1976;Porterfield et al, 2011;Ulrich-Lai et al, 2010), but it did not alter the PIT effect or basal instrumental response rates. Our pilot studies using other prototypical acute stressors applied in the light period-for instance, elevated platform stress (Howland & Cazakoff, 2010) or extended restraint stress (Yuen et al, 2009)-gave similar results.…”

Section: Acute Stressor Effects: Influence Of Time Of Daysupporting

confidence: 56%

“…However, our data do not provide support to this notion, as the standard anxiolytic drug diazepam at a dose of 1 mg/kg only marginally reduced leverpressing after stressor exposition. Notably, in acutestress paradigms, low doses of diazepam (<3 mg/kg) can produce anxiolytic effects on a variety of behavioral measures (Grahn, Kalman, Brennan, Watkins, & Maier, 1995;Kalman, Kim, Cole, Chi, & Spencer, 1997) without decreasing stress-induced rises in plasma corticosterone (Keim & Sigg, 1976). Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that higher doses of diazepam could have antagonized stress-induced behavioral effects.…”

Section: Acute Stress Effects On Pitmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Our pilot studies using other prototypical acute stressors applied in the light period-for instance, elevated platform stress (Howland & Cazakoff, 2010) or extended restraint stress (Yuen et al, 2009)-gave similar results. Therefore, we employed a novel multiple stressor involving a combination of typical acute stressors used in previous studies (e.g., Howland & Cazakoff, 2010;Keim & Sigg, 1976;Musazzi et al, 2010;Yuen et al, 2009). Notably, exposure to the multiple stressor during the light period increased plasma corticosterone to a larger extent than did the single stressor applied during the light period, but it did not alter the PIT effect and instrumental response rates.…”

Section: Acute Stressor Effects: Influence Of Time Of Daymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of acute stress on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats

Pielock

Braun

Hauber

2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Pavlovian stimuli invigorate ongoing instrumental action, a phenomenon termed the Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) effect. Acute stressors can markedly enhance the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and CRF injection into the nucleus accumbens increases the PIT effect. However, it is unknown whether acute stressors by themselves would amplify the PIT effect. Here, we examined the effects of acute stressors on PIT. Rats first received Pavlovian and instrumental training, and then the impact of the Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental responding was analyzed in the subsequent PIT test. Acute stressors were applied prior to the PIT test. Because the effects of acute stressors critically depend on stressor type and time of day, we used two acute stressors that involved one or several distinct stressors (denoted here as "single" vs. "multiple" stressors) applied either in the light or the dark period of the light:dark cycle. The results revealed that single and multiple stressors applied in the light period did not alter the PIT effect-that is, the ability of an appetitive Pavlovian stimulus to enhance leverpressing-or the basal leverpress rate. When applied in the dark period, single and multiple stressors also did not alter the PIT effect, but they did markedly reduce the basal leverpress rate. Diazepam pretreatment did not counteract the declines in basal instrumental responding in the PIT test that were induced by either a single or multiple stressors. Our findings suggest that acute stressors were unable to amplify the incentive salience of rewardpredictive Pavlovian stimuli to activate instrumental responding, but, depending on the time of day of stressor exposure, they did reduce basal instrumental responding.

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Section: Acute Stressor Effects: Influence Of Time Of Daysupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Acute Stress Effects On Pitmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Acute Stressor Effects: Influence Of Time Of Daymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The effects of acute stress on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats

Pielock

Braun

Hauber

2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…Hence, we also investigated effects of acute physical stressors on goal-directed action. Experiment 2 revealed that a typical stressor, i.e., restraint in a cylinder for 60 min, known to alter learning and memory (Conrad et al 2004) increased plasma corticosterone levels, as shown by earlier studies (Keim and Sigg 1976;Ulrich-Lai and Herman 2009). Yet this single stressor, though behaviorally effective, as indicated by decreased overall lever press rates on choice test day 2, did not render the rats' performance habitual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…For instance, in rats, restraint stressors elicit more pronounced physiological and behavioral effects in the dark (activity) period as compared with the light (inactivity) period (Koolhaas et al 2011). Therefore, in Experiment 3, we examined the effects of an acute stressor that involved an unpredictable combination of typical restraint stressors (Keim and Sigg 1976;Howland and Cazakoff 2010;Musazzi et al 2010) on goal-directed action and performed the experiment in the dark period. Results show that the multiple stressor increased plasma corticosterone and produced a bias toward habitual responding, i.e., rats showed a devaluation effect on test day 1, but no longer on test day 2, pointing to sequential effects of twofold multiple stressor exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute stressor effects on goal-directed action in rats

Braun

Hauber

2013

Learn. Mem.

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Here we examined effects of acute stressors that involve either systemic coadministration of corticosterone/yohimbine (3 mg/kg each) to increase glucocorticoid/noradrenaline activity (denoted as "pharmacological" stressor) or one or several distinct restraint stressors (denoted as "single" vs. "multiple" stressor) on performance of goal-directed actions. Rats were trained over 11 d to perform two instrumental actions, one for food pellets the other for sucrose solution, followed by two consecutive tests days. On each test day, rats were first sated in a counterbalanced manner on one of the two outcomes by prefeeding (selective outcome devaluation), then subjected to an acute stressor, and tested afterward in a twolever choice task in extinction to assess whether instrumental performance is goal-directed, i.e., sensitive to changes in outcome value. Like in control rats, in rats subjected to the pharmacological or single restraint stressor prior to the choice test, performance of instrumental action was goal-directed, i.e., sensitive to outcome devaluation. By contrast, in rats exposed to the multiple stressor prior to the choice test, performance of instrumental action was habitual, i.e., insensitive to outcome devaluation. Pretreatment with diazepam (1 and 2 mg/kg) did not alleviate (or only marginally) this multiple stressor-induced effect. Thus, an intense acute stressor can render performance of previously acquired instrumental action habitual, possibly due to a compromised retrieval of encoded relationships between actions and their outcome value. Our observation in rats that an acute stressor can shift instrumental responding from goal-directed to habitual control is consistent with similar findings in humans.

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Hypophysiotropic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus respond in spatially, temporally, and phenotypically differentiated manners to acute vs. repeated restraint stress: Rapid publication

Viau

Sawchenko

2002

J of Comparative Neurology

149

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress are initiated by parvicellular neurosecretory neurons in the medial parvicellular (mp) part of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), which express corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), among other neuropeptides. We have used an approach guided by patterns of stress-induced Fos expression to explore the manner in which anatomically and phenotypically defined components of the mpPVH respond to acute vs. repeated restraint stress. Hormonal indices of HPA activation in animals exposed to the last of 14 daily repeated restraint sessions were significantly lower than those in rats receiving a single restraint episode. Although this habituation was paralleled by global decrements in activation patterns across all PVH compartments, clear spatial-temporal differences in recruitment profiles were noted between dorsal and ventral aspects of the mpPVH. Thus, acute restraint provoked a biphasic Fos induction, which occurred first within the mpPVH and in an adjoining population of somatostatinergic cells in the periventricular region and only later within other aspects of the PVH. By contrast, Fos responses of habituated animals were monophasic and focused decisively within a discrete ventral aspect of the mpPVH. The ventral population was identified as comprising neurons that express CRF and/or enkephalin and, to a lesser extent, growth hormone-releasing factor. These results indicate a lack of homogeneity among stress-responsive parvicellular neurosecretory neurons and suggest that distinct complements of CRF cells may be preferentially involved in initiating HPA responses to acute stress and sustaining them in the repeated condition.

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Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats

Cited by 130 publications

References 19 publications

The effects of acute stress on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats

The effects of acute stress on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats

Acute stressor effects on goal-directed action in rats

Hypophysiotropic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus respond in spatially, temporally, and phenotypically differentiated manners to acute vs. repeated restraint stress: Rapid publication

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