Physiological and Anatomical Adaptations by Young Astrocaryum jauari Mart. (Arecaceae) in Periodically Inundated Biotopes of Central Amazonia

Schlüter, Ursula B.; Furch, Bodo; Joly, Carlos Alfredo

doi:10.2307/2388862

Cited by 73 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Such adjustments may have been a result of reduced energy demands of the roots and the induction of alternative metabolic pathways diverting pyruvate to e.g. alanine, malate and succinate, as reported for other tropical tree species (De Simone, 2002;Joly, 1991;Schlüter et al, 1993). In the case of T. juruana, the flooding induced proliferation of hypertrophied lenticels at the stem, which can serve as an inlet for oxygen and enhance root aeration (Haase et al, 2003), could have contributed to a reduced ethanol production.…”

Section: Influence Of Root Morphological and Metabolic Adaptations Onmentioning

confidence: 86%

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

et al. 2008

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Abstract. The effect of root inundation on the leaf emissions of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid in relation to assimilation and transpiration was investigated with 2-3 years old tree seedlings of four Amazonian floodplain species by applying dynamic cuvette systems under greenhouse conditions. Emissions were monitored over a period of several days of inundation using a combination of Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and conventional techniques (HPLC, ion chromatography). Under non-flooded conditions, none of the species exhibited measurable emissions of any of the compounds, but rather low deposition of acetaldehyde and acetic acid was observed instead. Tree species specific variations in deposition velocities were largely due to variations in stomatal conductance. Flooding of the roots resulted in leaf emissions of ethanol and acetaldehyde by all species, while emissions of acetic acid were only observed from the species exhibiting the highest ethanol and acetaldehyde emission rates. All three compounds showed a similar diurnal emission profile, each displaying an emission burst in the morning, followed by a decline in the evening. This concurrent behavior supports the conclusion, that all three compounds emitted by the leaves are derived from ethanol produced in the roots by alcoholic fermentation, transported to the leaves with the transpiration stream and finally partly converted to acetaldehyde and acetic acid by enzymatic processes. Co-emissions and peaking in the early morning suggest that root ethanol, after transportation with the transpiration stream to the leaves and enzymatic Correspondence to: J. Kesselmeier (jks@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) oxidation to acetaldehyde and acetate, is the metabolic precursor for all compounds emitted, though we can not totally exclude other production pathways. Emission rates substantially varied among tree species, with maxima differing by up to two orders of magnitude (25-1700 nmol m −2 min −1 for ethanol and 5-500 nmol m −2 min −1 for acetaldehyde). Acetic acid emissions reached 12 nmol m −2 min −1 . The observed differences in emission rates between the tree species are discussed with respect to their root adaptive strategies to tolerate long term flooding, providing an indirect line of evidence that the root ethanol production is a major factor determining the foliar emissions. Species which develop morphological root structures allowing for enhanced root aeration produced less ethanol and showed much lower emissions compared to species which lack gas transporting systems, and respond to flooding with substantially enhanced fermentation rates and a non-trivial loss of carbon to the atmosphere. The pronounced differences in the relative emissions of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetic acid between the tree species indicate that not only the ethanol production in the roots but also the metabolic conversion in the leaf is an important factor determining the release of these compounds to the atmosphere.

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Section: Influence Of Root Morphological and Metabolic Adaptations Onmentioning

confidence: 86%

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

et al. 2008

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“…Como o diâmetro dos elementos de vaso está diretamente relacionado com a capacidade de conduzir água, os resultados obtidos indicam que pode estar havendo uma maior eficiência no transporte de água nesta espécie. Maior grau de lignificação de células do xilema em plantas alagadas também foi verificado por Schlüter et al (1993), sugerindo que um cilindro central enrijecido proporciona resistência à pressão provocada pelo alagamento. Joly & Crawford (1982), estudando espécies tropicais de matas ciliares como Sebastiania commersoniana (Sin.…”

Section: Discussão E Conclusãounclassified

“…De modo geral, o alagamento produz respostas características como: redução da taxa de crescimento, intumescimento da base do caule (Pimenta et al, 1996), epinastia, senescência e abscisão precoce das folhas (Wareing & Phillips, 1981), formação de raízes adventícias (Pimenta et al, 1994;Yamamoto et al, 1995), desenvolvimento de aerênquima (Feldman, 1984;Wiedenroth, 1993), hipertrofia de lenticelas (Medri & Correa, 1985;Pimenta et al, 1994;Pimenta et al, 1996), enrijecimento das células do cilindro central (Schlüter et al, 1993), aumento de níveis de etileno (Feldman, 1984), redução da transpiração diminuindo o fluxo de nutrientes para as folhas (Colin-Belgrand et al, 1991) e baixa produção de biomassa (Rinne, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Tolerância à inundação: aspectos da anatomia ecológica e do desenvolvimento de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Fabaceae)

Davanso-Fabro

Medri

Bianchini

et al. 1998

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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INTRODUÇÃOExistem basicamente duas interpretações sobre as estratégias de tolerância das plantas à hipoxia. Uma considera que, quando inundadas, as plantas ativariam rotas metabólicas que controlariam o mecanismo respiratório das raízes (Crawford, 1978). A outra considera que as plantas não necessitariam alterar seu metabolismo, porque apresentariam adaptações morfoanatômicas que possibilitariam a respiração aeróbica (Armstrong, 1979). Joly (1991), sugere que em espécies tropicais ocorrem tanto adaptações metabólicas e anatômicas, como uma interação entre elas.As espécies variam amplamente nas respostas às condições anaeróbicas e o efeito pode mudar dependendo da idade da planta e da natureza do ambiente (Feldman, 1984). De modo geral, o alagamento produz respostas características como: redução da taxa de crescimento, intumescimento da base do caule (Pimenta et al

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“…Independent of their growth strategies, whether pioneers or non-pioneers (sensu Swaine & Whitmore, 1988), evergreen or decidu ous species, they must have physi ological, anatomical and morphological adaptations to be able to withstand the prolonged flooding. In fact, in selected species the formation of adventitious roots, lenticels, stem hypertrophy, and pressure ventilation were documented (Schlüter & Furch, 1992;Schlüter et al, 1993, Parolin, 20002001;Waldhoff et al, 1998;Graffmann 2000). Yet, up to date, very little is known about tree ecophysiology in this ecosystem, and about its changes in the course of the year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This might be linked to leaf phenology: leaf fall is in creased in the aquatic period (Ferreira, 1991;Worbes, 1992;Wittmann & Parolin, 1999), perhaps because of the necessity to reduce the transpirational surface of the trees. Respiration, pho tosynthetic assimilation, leaf chlorophyll content and water potential are lower in flooded trees than in non-flooded ones (Scholander & Perez, 1968;Furch, 1984;Schlüter, 1989;Schlüter & Furch, 1992;Schlüter et al, 1993;Parolin, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal changes of leaf Nitrogen content in trees of Amazonian floodplains

Armbrüster

Junk

2002

Acta Amaz.

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-In Amazonian floodplains the trees are exposed to extreme flooding of up to 230 days a year. Waterlogging of the roots and stems affects growth and metabolic activity of the trees. An increased leaf fall in the aquatic period and annual increment rings in the wood indicate periodical growth reductions. The present study aims at documenting seasonal changes of content. Leaves of six tree species common in floodplains in Central Amazonia and typical representants of different growth strategies were collected every month between May 1994 and June 1995 in the vicinity of Manaus, Brazil. Mean leaf nitrogen content varied between 1.3% and 3.2% in the non-flooded trees. Three species showed significantly lower Ν content in the flooded period (p=0.05, 0.001, 0.001), the difference ranging 20-25% lower than in the nonflooded period. Two species showed no significant difference while Nectandra amazonum showed 32% more Ν in the flooded season (p=0.001). Leaf nitrogen content was generally high when new leaves were flushed (in the flooded period) and decreased continuously thereafter in all species. Three species showed an additional peak of nitrogen during the first month of the terrestrial phase, in leaves which had flushed earlier, indicating that flooding may disturb nitrogen uptake.Key-words: leaf nitrogen, growth strategy, waterlogging, várzea, floodplain, Amazonia. Mudanças Sazonais do Conteúdo de Nitrogênio nas Folhas de Arvores das Áreas Inundáveis da Amazônia.Resumo -Em áreas inundáveis da Amazônia as árvores estão expostas a extremos de inundação de até 230 dias por ano. A submersão das raízes e do tronco afeta o crescimento e as atividades metabólicas das árvores. O aumento da queda de folhas na fase aquática e o incremento anual nos anéis do lenho, indicam reduções de crescimento periódicas. O presente estudo visa documentar em um ciclo anual mudanças sazonais no metabolismo e vitalidade de árvores adultas, expressas pelas mudanças no conteúdo de nitrogênio das folhas. Seis espécies de árvores comuns em áreas inundáveis da Amazônia Central e típicos representantes de diferentes estratégias de crescimento, tiveram suas folhas coletadas a cada mês entre maio de 1994 e junho de 1995, nas cercanias da cidade de Manaus, Brasil. A média do conteúdo de nitrogênio variou entre 1,3% e 3,2% em árvores não inundadas. Três espécies tiveram concentrações de Ν significativamente menores no período de inundação (p = 0,05, 0,01, 0,01), sendo 20 a 25% menores que as concentrações no período não inundado. Duas espécies não tiveram diferenças significativas, enquanto Nectandra amazonum teve 32 % mais Ν quando inundada (p = 0.001). O conteúdo de nitrogênio foliar foi geralmente alto quando brotaram folhas novas (no período inundado) seguido por um decréscimo contínuo, embora três espécies atingiram seu pico de conteúdo de Ν no primeiro mês da fase terrestre, em folhas que haviam brotadas antes, indicando que a inundação possivelmente inibe a assimilação de nitrogênio.Palavras-chave: nitrogênio, folhas, estratégias de cre...

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Physiological and Anatomical Adaptations by Young Astrocaryum jauari Mart. (Arecaceae) in Periodically Inundated Biotopes of Central Amazonia

Cited by 73 publications

References 21 publications

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

Tolerância à inundação: aspectos da anatomia ecológica e do desenvolvimento de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Fabaceae)

Seasonal changes of leaf Nitrogen content in trees of Amazonian floodplains

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Physiological and Anatomical Adaptations by Young Astrocaryum jauari Mart. (Arecaceae) in Periodically Inundated Biotopes of Central Amazonia

Cited by 73 publications

References 21 publications

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

Tolerância à inundação: aspectos da anatomia ecológica e do desenvolvimento de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Fabaceae)

Seasonal changes of leaf Nitrogen content in trees of Amazonian floodplains

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The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere