Physics of the Chemical Asymmetry of the Cell Membrane: Implications in Gene Regulation and Pharmacology

Abstract

Abstract:Signalling proteins are key regulators of basic cell physiology and tissues morphogenesis. Whilst signalling proteins are paramount for the cell to function optimally, their down regulation or inhibition is also central to tune the cell and its environment. One process involved in this tuning mechanism is membrane budding, otherwise known as endocytosis. The origin of the physical force driving the budding process and endocytosis has been the subject of much controversy. After two decades the budding process is now well described and it is acknowledged that fundamental principles from soft matter physics are at play. This opens a new window for understanding gene regulations, pharmacokinetic and multi drug resistance in cancer. This review recalls the first steps that have led to a better understanding of cell biology through the use of physics and; how the use of physics has shed light in areas of cell biology, cancer and pharmacology. It is, therefore, not a review of the many enzymes involved in membrane vesiculation and membrane curvature; it is more of an historical account.

Studying the effects of asymmetry on the bending rigidity of lipid membranes formed by microfluidics

“…43,44 The mechanism of cell endo-and exocytosis has also been shown to be effected by mechanical changes across the membrane which are potentially brought about by asymmetry. 45,46 This work was supported by EPSRC via grant EP/J017566/1 and an EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training Studentship EP/ K502856/1 from the Institute of Chemical Biology (Imperial College London) awarded to KK. All data created during this research are openly available from Imperial College London, please see contact details at www.imperial.ac.uk/membranebiophysics.…”