Physics of Earth’s Radiation Belts

Abstract

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Dependence of radiation belt flux depletions at geostationary orbit on different solar drivers during intense geomagnetic storms

“…Benacquista et al (2018) also supported the idea of flux increase on a large range of L* and decrease by only a limited number of CIR storms. Koskinen and Kilpua (2022) supported the idea of relativistic flux decrease during SIRs. The observations shown here are strictly during intense geomagnetic storms.…”

L‐Value and Energy Dependence of 0.1–50 keV O+, He+, and H+ Ions for CME and CIR Storms Over the Entire Van Allen Probes Era

“…Since, the ion's drift contour depends on the magnetic field configuration, the OP77Q external field model (Olson & Pfitzer, 1979) and IGRF internal field model (Finlay et al., 2010) have been obtained from the LANLGeoMag library and invoked in the calculation of L *. During a geomagnetic storm, the azimuthal asymmetry in the magnetospheric magnetic field increases and attains a non‐dipolar like configuration (Koskinen & Kilpua, 2022). When the guiding center of a stably trapped ion drifts around the Earth in a non‐dipolar magnetic field configuration, it traces a drift shell which is asymmetric around the dipole axis.…”

Energetic Electron Microinjections Observed by MMS in the Dusk Plasma Sheet and Drift Resonance Interpretation

“…represents the bouncing-averaged efficient wave amplitude of the electric field, dτ = ds/V ∥ , and the integration is made along the dipole field line (Koskinen & Kilpua, 2022). Note that 〈δE ν 〉 b is in the same order with δE ν in Li et al (2021) and 〈δE ν 〉 b exp i(mϕ − ωt) varies with the same time phase as δE tν .…”

“…If the waves are compressional with a finite azimuthal number m , the Gyro‐Betatron mechanism operates and may play a major role in energy change (Li et al., 2021). So we can define the bouncing‐averaged energy change rate as: $$$\begin{array}{l}\left\langle \dot{W}\right\rangle \approx \left\langle {\dot{W}}_{b}\right\rangle =\mathrm{i}\frac{\mu m}{\gamma {R}_{E}L}{\left\langle \delta {E}_{\nu }\right\rangle }_{b}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}(m\phi -\omega t)}\hfill \end{array}$$$ where $$$\begin{array}{l}{\left\langle \delta {E}_{\nu }\right\rangle }_{b}=\frac{1}{{\tau }_{b}}{\int }_{0}^{{\tau }_{b}}\frac{\delta {E}_{\nu }}{{\mathrm{sin}}^{3}\,\theta }\mathrm{d}\tau \hfill \end{array}$$$ represents the bouncing‐averaged efficient wave amplitude of the electric field, d τ = d s / V ∥ , and the integration is made along the dipole field line (Koskinen & Kilpua, 2022). Note that 〈 δE ν 〉 b is in the same order with δE ν in Li et al.…”