Physics-based estimates of drag coefficients for the impact pressure calculation of dense snow avalanches

Large-scale risk assessment on snow avalanche hazard in alpine regions

“…Actual damage does not always depend on these classes. If an avalanche hits an object, it is important at what angle the building is oriented in relation to the flow direction of the avalanche, what the specific flow regime is as well as how high the avalanche flows (Kyburz et al, 2018), or whether the building has structural weaknesses (e.g., windows or doors) exposed to the avalanche flow. Even though the impact step function was derived from expert assessments and damage surveys of avalanche incidents, it is unlikely that damage occurs according to these steps or is linear to the avalanche impact pressure -depending strongly on the individual situation.…”

Impact Behavior of Dense Debris Flows Regulated by Pore‐Pressure Feedback

“…The vertical jet model is an abstract of the formation of violent jet-up along the barrier face, denoting a 90° deflection of the momentum from the incoming flow direction (see Figure 1a). The impact load per unit width F can be expressed as (Armanini et al, 2020;Kyburz et al, 2022;Salm, 1967;Voellmy, 1955)…”

“…The vertical jet model is an abstract of the formation of violent jet‐up along the barrier face, denoting a 90° deflection of the momentum from the incoming flow direction (see Figure 1a). The impact load per unit width F can be expressed as (Armanini et al., 2020; Kyburz et al., 2022; Salm, 1967; Voellmy, 1955) $$\begin{align*}F& =\,\rho {v}^{2}h+\frac{1}{2}k\rho g{h}^{2}\,\cos \,\theta \\\ & =\rho {v}^{2}h\left(1+\frac{k}{2{\mathit{Fr}}^{2}}\right)\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\rho g{h}^{2}\,\cos \,\theta \left(2F{r}^{2}+k\right)\end{align*}$$ where ρ is bulk density (kg/m 3 ); θ is slope inclination (°); v is velocity (m/s); h is incoming‐flow depth (m); and k is coefficient of earth pressure of incoming flow upon impacting the barrier, which is regulated by the degree of liquefaction λ $$$\lambda =\frac{p}{\sigma }$$$ where p is pore‐fluid pressure (kPa) and σ is total normal stress (kPa). The force resulting from inertia, normalized by the force imposed by earth's gravitational field, is known as the Froude number (Faug, 2015) $$$\mathit{Fr}=\frac{v}{\sqrt{gh\,\cos \,\theta }}$$$ …”

GIS-Based Spatial Modeling of Snow Avalanches Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. A Case Study of the Šar Mountains, Serbia

“…The aftermaths of avalanches include loss of human lives and impact on the human environment, settlements and transport infrastructure, biodiversity, landscape, etc. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. A large number of human casualties have been reported in Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Türkiye, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Canada [14,[24][25][26][27][28][29].…”