Physicochemical Properties of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter 2.5 in Selected Residential Areas near a Ferromanganese Smelter

Mbazima, Setlamorago Jackson; Masekameni, Masilu Daniel; Nelson, Gill

doi:10.3390/ijerph18178900

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…6-8 Furthermore, exposure per unit mass of PM 2.5 released from indoor sources is between two to three orders of magnitude larger than in outdoor environments. 9,10 Studies 11,12 have found that the concentration of indoor PM 2.5 tends to be higher than the outdoor in many cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 6 , 7 , 8 Furthermore, exposure per unit mass of PM 2.5 released from indoor sources is between two to three orders of magnitude larger than in outdoor environments. 9 , 10 Studies 11 , 12 have found that the concentration of indoor PM 2.5 tends to be higher than the outdoor in many cases. This is concerning given that in modern society people spend 90% of their time in confined indoor environments such as offices, classrooms, homes, and laboratories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health risk assessment of particulate matter 2.5 in an academic metallurgy workshop

Mbazima

2022

Indoor Air

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Exposure to indoor PM 2.5 is associated with allergies, eye and skin irritation, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary diseases. To control indoor PM 2.5 and protect the health of occupants, exposure and health studies are necessary. In this study, exposure to PM 2.5 released in an academic metallurgy workshop was assessed and a health risk assessment was conducted for male and female students and technicians.Polycarbonate membrane filters and an active pump operating at a flow rate of 2.5 L/ min were used to collect PM 2.5 from Monday to Friday for 3 months (August-October 2020) from 08:00-16:00. PM 2.5 mass concentrations were obtained gravimetrically, and the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model was used to predict the deposition, retention, and clearance of PM 2.5 in the respiratory tract system. The risk of developing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects among students and technicians was determined. The average PM 2.5 mass concentration for August was 32.6 μg/m 3 32.8 μg/m 3 for September, and 32.2 μg/m 3 for October. The head region accounted for the highest deposition fraction (49.02%), followed by the pulmonary (35.75%) and tracheobronchial regions (15.26%). Approximately 0.55 mg of PM 2.5 was still retained in the alveolar region 7 days after exposure. The HQ for male and female students was <1 while that of male and female technicians was >1, suggesting that technicians are at risk of developing non-carcinogenic health effects compared with students.The results showed a risk of developing carcinogenic health effects among male and female technicians (>1 × 10 −5 ); however, there was no excess cancer risk for students (<1 × 10 −6 ). This study highlights the importance of exposure and health studies in academic micro-environments such as metallurgy workshops which are often less researched, and exposure is underestimated. The results also indicated the need to implement control measures to protect the health of the occupants and ensure that the workshop rules are adhered to.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health risk assessment of particulate matter 2.5 in an academic metallurgy workshop

Mbazima

2022

Indoor Air

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An extensive individual particle analysis of solid airborne particles collected in a moderately urbanized area

Malá

Loskot

Bušovský

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Health risk assessment of indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s in three residential areas downwind of an active ferromanganese smelter

Mbazima

2023

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected in three residential areas near a ferromanganese smelter using GilAir300 plus at 2.75 L/min, and the elemental composition was analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. A health risk assessment was conducted to determine the probability of developing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects for four age groups. The hazard quotient (HQ) for manganese was >1 both indoors and outdoors for the four age groups in all residential areas, indicating a risk of developing non-carcinogenic health effects. The HQs of Cr (VI) displayed a similar trend for all age groups; it was >1 in all residential areas except for outdoor environments at New Sicelo. The highest HQ (25.6) was found indoors at Old Sicelo for the 21–35 age group whereas the minimum (8.3) was found indoors at Noldick for the 36–65+ age group. When using the overall concentrations, the HQ was >1 only for Mn and the highest values were recorded at Noldick. The cancer risks for chromium (VI), cobalt, and cadmium were above the upper limit of 1 × 10−4 and the lower limit of 1 × 10−6 when considering indoor and outdoor concentrations. When considering the overall concentrations, the cancer risk for cobalt was >1 × 10−6 and that of chromium (VI) was >1 × 10−4. Urgent intervention is required, particularly given the negative health effects associated with Mn exposure. Graphical abstract

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Physicochemical Properties of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter 2.5 in Selected Residential Areas near a Ferromanganese Smelter

Cited by 6 publications

References 93 publications

Health risk assessment of particulate matter 2.5 in an academic metallurgy workshop

Health risk assessment of particulate matter 2.5 in an academic metallurgy workshop

An extensive individual particle analysis of solid airborne particles collected in a moderately urbanized area

Health risk assessment of indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s in three residential areas downwind of an active ferromanganese smelter

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