Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation

Guo, Yuhai; Rockstraw, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.06.027

Cited by 213 publications

(120 citation statements)

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“…Phosphoric acid imparts cationexchange capacity, making it chemically stable both in acidic and base media in addition to its thermal stability (Puziy et al 2002). Utilization of phosphoric acid as a suitable activating agent for the preparation of porous carbon from a variety of agricultural wastes has been well recorded in literature (Al-Qaessi and Abu-Farah 2010; Attia et al 2008;Fierro et al 2010;Girgis and El-Hendawy 2002;Guo and Rockstraw 2007;Haimour and Emeish 2006;Prahas et al 2008;Zuo et al 2005). However, it should be noted that the activation methods are different as majority of it reports single-stage activation with activation in inert conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of porous carbon from date palm seeds and process optimization

Reddy

Shoaibi

Srinivasakannan

2014

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The agricultural wastes like date palm seeds to be a suitable precursor for the preparation of porous carbon has been explored in the present work, utilizing phosphoric acid as the activating agent. The experimental methods reported in literature were chosen with certain modification in order to simplify the process. The process optimization was performed using the popular response surface methodology adopting a Box-Behnken design. Process optimization was performed to maximize the porous carbon Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and the methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity, with the process variables being the activation temperature, impregnation ratio (IR) and the activation time. The textural characteristics were assessed based on nitrogen adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, while the adsorption capacity was estimated using the MB adsorption. The optimized experimental conditions were identified to be an activation temperature of 500°C, IR of 3.1 and activation time of 71.4 min, with the resultant porous carbon having BET surface area of 846.7 m 2 /g and MB adsorption capacity of 445.7 mg/g. The popular Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were tested, and a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the MB was estimated to be 345 mg/g, which compares with the highest of MB reported in literature, evidencing the suitability of the porous carbon for adsorption of macro-molecular compounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of porous carbon from date palm seeds and process optimization

Reddy

Shoaibi

Srinivasakannan

2014

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…DPNAC had the higher adsorption of BSA, reaching 35.9 mg g -1 , while CAC adsorbed observed (Barbosa, 2008). The effects of heat treatment by FTOR analysis on carbon activated with phosphoric acid was investigated (Guo & Rockstraw, 2007) and concluded that at carbonization temperatures above 300 °C, the incorporation of phosphate grouping was favored because a band around 1250 cm -1 appeared after this temperature. The broad band at 3600-3000 cm −1 is attributed to hydrogen bonds in carboxyl or phenolic groups.…”

Section: Adsorbent Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of hydrocolloids from Pereskia Aculeata Miller: reuse of process residue as activated carbon for the pigment-removal phase

et al. 2018

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Hydrocolloids of Pereskia aculeata Miller (DPNH) are potential ingredients in food industry as emulsifiers and stabilizers. The extraction process of DPNH requires the removal of pigments with activated carbon. Because this step is critical to the quality of the ingredient and has an impact on costs, a new activated carbon has been developed with residues from the same process. Residues activated with NaDH and H 3 PD 4 (300 °C, 1 h) were subjected to batch adsorption tests in model solutions of malachite green (MG), carbohydrate and protein. Residue treated with 85% H 3 PD 4 (DPNAC) had higher productivity and MG adsorption capacity, displaying a predominantly microporous surface (MEV/BET) with chemical activation confirmed by TG/FTOR. DPNAC showed higher MG and protein adsorption capacity than the commercial activated carbon (CAC) did. Results for MG-adsorption capacity by DPNAC did not show significant differences in the presence of protein and carbohydrate, presenting the higher affinity of the adsorbent for the dye. Adsorption isotherms showed DPNAC to be more favorable to MG adsorption than CAC, and to have a good fit to Langmuir-Freundlich model. DPNAC made it possible to reduce costs and allowed the sustainability of the process, leading to increased efficiency in selective pigment removal compared with CAC.Keywords: adsorption; carbohydrate; malachite green; protein; sustainable process.Practical Application: The activated carbon obtained using solid residues of the extraction process of hydrocolloids from Pereskia aculeata Miller proved to be more effective in protein and pigment adsorptions and less effective in carbohydrate adsorption when compared to using a commercial activated carbon. The potential use is waste treatment systems and clarification process.

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“…These bands reflect the biological origin of the precursor. A shoulder at 1080 cm -1 may represent the stretching vibrations of P-O-P arising from phosphorous containing carbonaceous structures owing to phosphoric acid activation [23]. The band at 497cm −1 is ascribed to deformation mode of P-O units.…”

Section: A Xrd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO Loaded Cotton Stalk Activated Carbon Composite on MB and RHB Dyes Under Sunlight Irradiation

Prabu¹

2017

IJRASET

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INTRODUCTION Dyes are widely used in textile, rubber, paper, plastic and cosmetic industries. They discharge high amount of dyes into the water bodies every day [1] and nowadays, this has become one of the most serious environmental problems. Methylene blue (MB) is the cationic dye commonly used for coloring. It is generally used for dyeing cotton, wool, and silk. MB can cause eye burns and irritation to the skin in humans and animals and if ingested, can cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [2]. Rhodamine B is a basic dye widely used as a colorant in textiles and food materials and as biological stains in biochemical laboratories at high concentrations. It causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract if ingested by animals and human beings [3]. Photocatalysis, an advanced oxidation technology employing semiconductors as photocatalysts, is a promising method for treatment of contaminated ground, surface, and wastewater containing various organic pollutants [4][5][6][7]. Various semiconductors such as ZnO [8], CdS [9] and TiO2 [10] have been used as photocatalysts. Among them, ZnO has become very well established in photocatalytic approaches as well as in the environmental catalysis area [11]. ZnO is a semiconductor with a wide band gap (3.3 eV), large exciton binding energy. It is abundant in nature and environment friendly. These characteristics make this material attractive for many applications such as solar cells, optical coatings, photocatalysts, antibacterial materials, electrical devices, active medium in UV semiconductor lasers and in gas sensors [12]. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was recently recognized to be comparable with TiO2 and has received much attention because of its high photosensitivity and stability in degrading various toxic substances [11]. The mechanism of photocatalytic reaction is based on the generation of electron-hole pairs. When a photocatalyst is illuminated, the photo-excited electron migrates from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) and holes are formed in valence band; these holes can generate hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive and oxidizing in nature [13]. Activated carbon (AC) is a nontoxic and low cost adsorbent used for the removal of pollutants such as dyes and heavy metals from the waste water due to its high surface area, porous structure, large adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics [14,15]. Composites consisting of ZnO supported on activated carbon have shown remarkable results in inhibiting bacteria growth [16] and removing metals from aqueous solutions [17]. Present study reports the photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles supported on cotton stalk activated carbon towards degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B under sunlight irradiation. Activated carbon was prepared from cotton stalk by chemical activation using phosphoric acid as activating agent. ZnO photocatalyst and ZnO loaded activated carbons (ZnO/CSACs) were synthesised by chemical precipitation and were...

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Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation

Cited by 213 publications

References 36 publications

Preparation of porous carbon from date palm seeds and process optimization

Preparation of porous carbon from date palm seeds and process optimization

Extraction of hydrocolloids from Pereskia Aculeata Miller: reuse of process residue as activated carbon for the pigment-removal phase

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO Loaded Cotton Stalk Activated Carbon Composite on MB and RHB Dyes Under Sunlight Irradiation

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