Physicochemical Properties and Functional Characteristics of Ecologically Extracted Shrimp Chitosans with Different Organic Acids during Demineralization Step

Abstract

The current study aims to develop eco-friendly and economical chitosans with a wide range of applications using organic acids for shrimp shells demineralization. Chitosan samples were extracted from shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) shells and the demineralization step was performed with three organic acids (citric, acetic, and lactic) and two mineral acids (hydrochloric and sulfuric). The chitosans were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chitosans’ physicochemical properties were also determined. The characteristic bands and functional groups of the chitosans were identified by FTIR spectra. The chitosans’ crystallinity order was as follows: ChHCl > ChCitric > ChH2SO4 > ChLactic > ChAcetic. The chitosans’ morphological characteristics revealed a smooth surface and fibrous structures with pores. Chitosans extracted by organic acids showed the highest extraction yields. ChHCl and ChCitric had higher degrees of deacetylation values; 83.67% and 81.47%, respectively. The solubility was proportional to the degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, ChH2SO4 and ChCitric had lower molecular weight values; 149 kDa and 183 kDa, respectively. Organic acids are as effective as mineral acids for shrimp shells demineralization. The developed process opens up possibilities to produce chitin and chitosan in a more eco-friendly way and at a lower cost in many industrial sectors.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan for medical applications: A review

“…61 However, the most used and important ones are, FTIR, viscometric analysis, AFM, XRD, NMR, and SEM. [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]…”

“…61 However, the most used and important ones are, FTIR, viscometric analysis, AFM, XRD, NMR, and SEM. 79–91,80–92…”

Fabrication and Characterization of PVA/γ-chitosan/Kaolin Nanofiber for Hemostatic Oral Wound Dressing

“…This process was repeated three times, and the average value was calculated. The moisture and lipid binding capacity were determined as [31]:…”

Optimization, Kinetics, and Isotherm Studies of Methyl Thioninium Chloride Removal from Simulated Solutions Using Chitosan Derivatives

“…Chitosan is an abundant supply of amino and hydroxyl groups that can use electrostatic and hydrogen bonding to absorb dyes and heavy metal ions. , It is the second most abundant renewable natural resource after cellulose . On the other hand, chitosan possesses some drawbacks, which restrict its application in neat form such as weak mechanical qualities, a limited specific surface area, and ease of acid dissolution. , It can be typically altered through procedures including cross-linking, grafting, the addition of magnetic species, and nanoparticles, by chemical protocols, and gamma irradiation before being widely employed in a range of wastewater treatment treatments. Several chitosan-modified products have been employed in the removal of different pollutants from aqueous solutions.…”

“…22 On the other hand, chitosan possesses some drawbacks, which restrict its application in neat form such as weak mechanical qualities, a limited specific surface area, and ease of acid dissolution. 23,24 It can be typically altered through procedures including cross-linking, 25 grafting, 26 the addition of magnetic species, 27 and nanoparticles, 28 by chemical protocols, 29 and gamma irradiation 30 modified products have been employed in the removal of different pollutants from aqueous solutions. In this regard, Chandra et al 31 investigated sodium tripolyphosphate and vanillin-modified chitosan-based magnetic nanosorbents for removal of different heavy metal cations from aqueous solutions.…”