Physicochemical characterization of lead in urban dusts.  A microanalytical approach to lead tracing

Linton, Richard W.; Natusch, D. F. S.; Solomon, Robert L.; Evans, C. A.

doi:10.1021/es60162a004

Cited by 63 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…5). Variability also exists across the street environment, with different levels of contaminants being present in gutter samples from those in street centres and pavements (Linton et al 1980), highlighting the need to understand the appropriate scale for monitoring studies. There have been few studies on the temporal variability in RDS composition.…”

Section: Sources To Docks and Canalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background, aim and scope Over 50% of the global population live in urban centres and, therefore, an understanding of the processes acting upon urban systems is a global issue. The nature of human-made, often impervious, land surfaces and heavily engineered waterways results in hydrological and sedimentological systems in urbanised basins which contrast significantly to those within more natural (i.e. pristine, forested, agricultural) aquatic systems. In addition, the abundance of contamination sources in urban systems results in chemical pressures often manifested as high pollution concentrations or loadings, which in turn have detrimental impacts on human and ecosystem health. These lead to management and sustainability issues not generally encountered in more natural environments. The purpose of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of sediment sources, pathways and storage within urban river systems, to consider sediment management within urban systems and river basins, and examine the role of local and global environmental changes on sediment processes and management. Inevitably, much of the sediment that is transported within urbanised basins is contaminated, so this review also considers sedimentcontaminant sources and interactions. Conclusions and recommendationsWe reach a number of conclusions and recommendations for future research. There is a need for better sampling and monitoring of sediment and sediment-associated contaminant fluxes and cycling in urban river channels and basins. This should include better techniques and studies to identify sources and transfers of road-deposited sediment (RDS), airborne particulate matter and sediments in the river system. Greater interdisciplinary research, combining sedimentologists, hydrologists, urban planners, urban archaeologists, chemists and biologists, is needed. More attention needs to focus on upscaling and connecting urban areas to the rest of the river basin, both upstream and downstream. Finally, there is a need to balance multiple needs (urban population, water resources) with likely trends in both urban development and global environmental change.Keywords Contaminants . River basin . Sediment . Sediment management . Urban . Urbanisation Background, aim and scopeAt the time of writing, over 50% of the global population live in urban centres, with this value set to increase (UNFPA 2007). Thus, for example, about 80% of the UK population live in conurbations, and even in a large, relatively unpopulated country such as Canada about 70% of the population live in urban areas. In addition, the number of 'mega-cities' (those cities with a population of greater than 10 million) is also increasing, particularly in the developing world: China, India and South America. Therefore, an understanding of the processes acting upon

show abstract

Section: Sources To Docks and Canalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cu has been suggested to originate primarily from wheel hub and brake lining material (Beckwith et al 1986). Pb has been suggested to originate from fuel (Kim et al 1998 andBeckwith et al 1986) having also been found concentrated in magnetic particles (Linton et al 1980) and Zn has been sourced to tire wear by a number of RDS studies (Hopke et al 1980;Ellis and Revitt 1982;Kim et al 1998;Smolders and Degryse 2002). Background soils in Manchester possess mean concentrations within the range of concentrations for RDS at the three sites (Fe=10,252 μg/g, Mn=254 μg/g, Pb=153 μg/g, Zn=164 μg/g, Cu=75 μg/g; n=10, Robertson 2004).…”

Section: Inter-site Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have documented the spatial variability of metal concentrations in RDS, on both the scale of the road-surface (Linton et al 1980) and the city scale (Duggan and Williams 1977;Massadeh and Snook 2002;Robertson et al 2003;Charlesworth et al 2003;Carraz et al 2006). Less information is available on the temporal variability of RDS composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variability of Metal Contamination in Urban Road-deposited Sediment in Manchester, UK: Implications for Urban Pollution Monitoring

Robertson

Taylor

2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An important component of monitoring pollution of urban road-deposited sediment (RDS) is an understanding of the temporal variability in its composition and physical characteristics. This study set out to determine what the monthly variability in metal concentrations, organic matter content, grain-size and grain-size fraction metal-loadings are in inner city sites in Manchester, northwest England. The results show that there is significant temporal variability in metal (Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn) concentration in RDS from inner city Manchester. There was no significant temporal variability in grain-size characteristics or organic matter content, indicting that these metal variations were the result of variation in sources and accumulation processes. Pb and Zn displayed local variability, suggesting local controls on variability, whereas Fe and Mn displayed consistent variability across all sites, suggesting a common, largerscale control on variability. The finest grain-size fraction (<63 μm) contained the highest Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations, but for the case of Fe and Mn, the coarser fractions (>300 μm) commonly contained the highest concentrations, again suggesting differing controls. For all metals, due to the weight percent dominance of the coarser fractions, the dominant loading of metals is in the coarser fractions. This has implications on management strategies, via street sweeping and the subsequent waste disposal, and on the modelling of the input of RDS and associated metals into surface waterways. The recognition of significant temporal variability of metal concentrations in RDS, independent of grainsize changes, implies that the monitoring of urban road sediment pollution will require not just consideration of spatial variability, but the design of schemes that will capture temporal variability also.

show abstract

“…Any hypothetical explanation of the urban distribtuion of lead must involve at least two sources: 1) Lead-based paint and 2) vehicle lead emissions. Both sources are a part of the lead dust described in a city (Hunt et al, 1991 ;Hunt et al, 1992;Hunt et al, 1993, Linton et al,, 1980. About 13 million metric tons of lead were used in the manufacture of lead-based paint and leaded petrol.…”

Section: Hypothetical Explanation Of the Urban Pattern Of Lead Concenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead in New Orleans soils: New images of an urban environment

Mielke

1994

Environ Geochem Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper describes a survey of lead in soil and computer generated maps that have been derived for New Orleans, Louisiana. The soil survey included streetside, houseside and open space samples. Because the survey covered every census tract in the metropolitan area it was possible to construct a computer-generated map of the distribution of lead dust in the soils of the urban environment. The data base consists of coordinates, site characteristics and lead analytical results of 3,704 soil samples. The resulting graphics show peaks of lead ranging from 600-1,200 μg per g in the streetside soil of the inner-city and a steeply declining slope to the suburban areas of the city where the lead content of streetside soils is less than 75 μg/g. In the inner-city, the amount of lead in soils found near building foundations is 10 to 20 times higher than the soils adjacent to streets where the median lead content of soils is over 300 μg g(-1). In areas surrounding the city core ("mid-city"), the amount of lead next to the foundation and adjacent to the street are equivalent with medians of 110 μg g(-1). In suburban locations, the median lead content of soil along streetsides is 86 μg g(-1). Soils adjacent to surburban foundations has a median Pb content of 50 μg g(-1). The lowest median lead content in soil is found in open spaces, ranging from 212 to 40 to 28 μg g(-1), respectively, for the inner-city, mid-city, and suburbs. These observations are consistent with the production and consumer use of lead-based paint and leaded-fuels within the modern city.

show abstract

Physicochemical characterization of lead in urban dusts. A microanalytical approach to lead tracing

Cited by 63 publications

References 14 publications

Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities

Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities

Temporal Variability of Metal Contamination in Urban Road-deposited Sediment in Manchester, UK: Implications for Urban Pollution Monitoring

Lead in New Orleans soils: New images of an urban environment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About