Physicochemical characteristics of liposome encapsulation of stingless bees' propolis

Abstract

Nutraceuticals from natural sources have shown potential new leads in functional food products. Despite a broad range of health-promoting effects, these compounds are easily oxidized and unstable, making their utilization as nutraceutical ingredients limited. In this study, the encapsulated stingless bees' propolis in liposome was prepared using soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol by thin-film hydration technique. Three different formulations of phosphatidylcholine composition and cholesterol prepared by weight ratio was conducted to extract high propolis encapsulation. Physicochemical changes in the result of the encapsulation process are briefly discussed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. A dynamic light-scattering instrument was used to measure the hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The increment of the liposomal size was observed when the concentration of extract loaded increased. In comparing three formulations, F2 (8:1 w/w) presented the best formulation as it yielded small nanoparticles of 275.9 nm with high encapsulation efficiency (66.9%). F1 (6:1 w/w) formed large particles of liposomes with 422.8 nm, while F3 (10:1 w/w) showed low encapsulation efficiency with (by) 38.7%. The liposome encapsulation will provide an effective nanocarrier system to protect and deliver the flavonoids extracted from stingless bees' propolis.

Propolis particles incorporated in aqueous formulations with enhanced antibacterial performance

“…This increase in zeta potential with increasing propolis amount is a subject of some disagreement in literature. Ramli, Ali, Hamzah & Yatim (2021) studied the zeta potential with an increasing propolis (encapsulated in liposomes) concentration, reporting the same trend as here, although the authors claim this was due to interactions between the phospholipids and propolis. However, other studies ( Elbaz et al., 2016 ; Soleimanifard, Feizy & Maestrelli, 2021 ) have reported the opposite effect.…”

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds extracted from date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their use in functional food

“…These findings are similar to those of subsequent studies. Ramli et al ( 24 ) also found that by increasing the concentration of encapsulated stingless bee extract, the liposome particle size was significantly increased similarly ( 25 ), and the mean particle size of the green tea extract-loaded liposomes was higher than the unloaded liposome mean particle size.…”

Encapsulation of essential oils using hemp protein isolate–gum Arabic complex coacervates and evaluation of the capsules

“…A previous study also reported that the presence of phenolic compounds enhanced the absorption of liposome at 3400 cm −1 due to the presence of hydroxyl groups. 45 On the other hand, the constituents of essential oil that covered the surface of capsules could interact with complex coacervates through hydrogen bonds and then led to the increase of absorption at 3400 cm −1 . The interaction between the constituents of essential oil and complex coacervate could also be indicated by the change of absorption at 1600 cm −1 .…”