Physicochemical changes in enamel submitted to pH cycling and bleaching treatment

Eskelsen, Evania; Catelan, Anderson; Hernades, Natália Maria Aparecida Pinto; Soares, Luís Eduardo Silva; Cavalcanti, Andréa Nóbrega; Aguiar, Flávio Henrique Baggio; Liporoni, Priscila Christiane Suzy

doi:10.2147/ccide.s184683

Cited by 25 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Morphological changes in enamel, caused by peroxide-based bleaching agents, have been reported due to changes in inorganic and organic composition, decreasing its hardness and increasing its surface roughness ( 1 , 4 , 19 ). In addition, during bleaching free radicals generated can increase the porosity on tooth surface, as it reacts non-selectively with the organic structures of dental tissues ( 1 , 13 , 19 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Final polishing was carried out with diamond solution (MetaDi Supreme; Buehler Inc.) of ½ and ¼ granulation and felt disc for 30 s using the polishing machine; between the solutions and at end of process the specimens were cleaned ultrasonically for 5 min. Dental blocks were immersed in artificial saliva for 30 days to standardize the mineral content, changed daily ( 19 ). Then, blocks were embedded in polystyrene resin Piraglass, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil) with buccal enamel surface exposed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that enamel can show changes in its chemical composition and morphological changes due to changes in inorganic and organic composition caused by peroxide-based bleaching agents, and that free radicals generated during bleaching procedure can increase porosity, because it reacts non-selectively with organic structures of dental tissues. In addition, the bleaching products can generate gingival irritation and increased sensitivity as side effects ( 1 , 6 , 11 - 13 , 18 , 19 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of bleaching agents on hardness, surface roughness and color parameters of dental enamel

et al. 2020

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Background In this study was evaluated the effect of carbamide peroxide (CP) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) in different concentrations on hardness, roughness, and color parameters (color change - ΔE, lightness - ΔL, and yellow-blue axis - Δb) of bovine teeth. Material and Methods Fifty square dental blocks (7 x 7 x 2 mm) were submitted to initial readings of Knoop hardness, surface roughness (Ra), and color parameters. Specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): control group was kept in artificial saliva during the experimental period; CP 20% was bleached for 2 h daily for 14 days, HP 9.5% was bleached for 30 min daily for 14 days, HP 38% the bleaching gel was applied for 15 min, gel was removed and it was reapplied for two more times, the bleaching session was repeated for another 2 times every 7 days, totaling three sessions, and in CP 45% three sessions of 30 min each were performed of 7 in 7 days. All groups after the bleaching procedures had the bleaching gel removed, washed, and kept in artificial saliva. At the end of bleaching treatment, the hardness, roughness, and color parameters (ΔE, ΔL, and Δb) were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey, and Dunnett tests (α = 0.05). Results Bleaching promoted a reduction in hardness, the CP 45% showed the lowest hardness and the CP 20% the highest, the HP 9.5% and HP 38% showed intermediate values of hardness. Bleaching agents did not affect the roughness. CP 20% and HP 38% promoted the highest values of ΔE and higher reduction of yellowish tone of tooth. Lightness increase after bleaching treatment for all groups. Conclusions All the bleaching agents tested showed effectiveness, but with reduced hardness. Key words: Carbamide peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, tooth whitening, hardness, roughness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of bleaching agents on hardness, surface roughness and color parameters of dental enamel

et al. 2020

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“…In general, Sodium Ascorbate application provided higher re-hardening values compared to acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and Relief gel. According to the literature, the effects of bleaching agents are related to exposure time, type and concentration of the active ingredient [5]. In this in-vitro study, the manufacturer's directions for the product application time and method were followed exactly, in order to mimic clinical conditions and clinical material's effects while conducting evaluations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although, mostly they are reversible with the degradation of bleaching agent, the pH becomes acidic and bleaching can cause some alterations on the hard dental tissues [4,5]. Alterations of enamel properties like decreased microhardness, mineral loss, increased roughness and porosity have been reported [5,6]. However, the results reported in the literature are controversial since some other studies did not find any significant difference in enamel after bleaching [7 -10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of In-office Bleaching on Microhardness of Permanent Teeth with Antioxidant Re-hardening

Çakır¹,

Özcan²,

Tulunoğlu³

et al. 2019

TODENTJ

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Background: Bleaching procedures affect surface enamel structure and decrease its bonding ability to resin composite restorative materials. The application of re-hardening materials to bleached enamel surfaces may prevent this decrease in micro-hardness. Objective: This in-vitro study aims to evaluate the surface micro hardness of human teeth enamel subjected to bleaching with Zoom Advanced Power 2 AP (Phillips, USA), and Opalescence Boost (Ultradent, USA) and compare the re-hardening effects of 10% Sodium Ascorbate, 2% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel, and a 5% Potassium nitrate 0.22% Sodium Fluoride + Calcium Nitrate gel. Methods: Ninety human third molar teeth were used. The specimens were randomly assigned to 5 groups. After the bleaching procedure, the specimens were treated with APF, Sodium Ascorbate or Relief gel as re-hardening agents with 30 teeth in each group. Enamel micro-hardness was measured with Vickers Micro-hardness Tester. The data were evaluated with Kolmogorov-Simirnov, one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test, post-hoc Tukey and T-tests. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among initial enamel groups’ micro-hardness values (P>.05); however, significant differences occurred between initial and after bleaching treatment group value for G3 (P< .05). After re-hardening, only the Sodium Ascorbate group showed a statistically significant increase with hardness values (P< .05) for G4 and G5. Conclusion: Bleaching treatment conducted with light had no adverse effect on enamel micro-hardness. Sodium Ascorbate can be useful after bleaching to change the adverse effects of bonding on the enamel.

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The effect of phytosphingosine associated with tooth brushing on color change, surface roughness, and microhardness of dental enamel — an in vitro and in situ study

et al. 2022

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Objective. This study evaluated, in vitro and in situ, the effect of phytosphingosine (PHS) associated with toothbrushing regarding color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness.Methods. Sixty-four specimens of bovine teeth (6x6x2 mm) were separated in 8 groups (n=8): S+TB: PHS (spray) + toothbrushing; TB+S: toothbrushing + PHS (spray); I+TB: PHS (immersion) + toothbrushing; TB+I: toothbrushing + PHS (immersion); TB: toothbrushing; S: PHS spray; I: immersion in PHS solution and Saliva: immersion in saliva. Toothbrushing simulation (Mavtec, Brazil) was performed (356 rpm, 3.8 centimeters course by the toothbrush -Soft Tek) for 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. PHS remained in contact with specimens for 15 minutes. The specimens were evaluated before and after toothbrushing for color alteration (Easy Shade, VITA), surface roughness (Model SJ-201P Mitutoyo), and Knoop microhardness (HMV-2, Shimadzu Corporation). For the in situ analyses, 8 participants were recruited and received an intraoral device with 6 fragments of bovine enamel (6x6x2 mm). The properties evaluated were the same as those of the in vitro study. Participants were randomized following best results of in vitro tested protocols, for 15 days: TB; TB+S; I+TB. Data obtained by in vitro (two-way ANOVA, Tukey, p <.05) and in situ (one-way ANOVA, Tukey, p <.05) studies were analyzed.Results. The in vitro study showed a greater color change was found after 30 days. The greatest differences in surface roughness occurred between the initial value and after 1 day. Regarding microhardness, the highest values occurred after 15 and 30 days, which were similar. The in situ study showed greater color changes for the TB and I + TB, and greater surface roughness changes for TB and a similar increase in microhardness for the PHS protocols, which were higher than TB.Conclusions. Phytosphingosine leads to an increase in performance regarding color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness when applied. In general, the application of PHS after brushing showed a positive impact on its performance. Clinical relevance. Phytosphingosine showed to be interesting to compound prevention formulations in the dentistry eld.Toothbrushing with toothpaste, responsible for removing surface adhered substances, including extrinsic stains and bio lms, could also interfere in the e ciency of any previous treatment. Although strong evidence underlines the long-term protective effects of PHS coatings for at least 16 h after application [5], there is no report of the long-term sustainability of PHS on the enamel after daily toothbrushing. It is envisaged that its sustainability on the enamel surface after toothbrushing is important since the literature demonstrates changes in the surface roughness of the dental substrate by various products used in dentistry, such as toothpaste and oral hygiene solutions [20][21][22][23].Solutions are often applied by immersion or spray to facilitate their use and decrease the amount of solution needed for antimicrobial action [24]. However, for PHS, the ...

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Physicochemical changes in enamel submitted to pH cycling and bleaching treatment

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of bleaching agents on hardness, surface roughness and color parameters of dental enamel

Effect of bleaching agents on hardness, surface roughness and color parameters of dental enamel

Efficacy of In-office Bleaching on Microhardness of Permanent Teeth with Antioxidant Re-hardening

The effect of phytosphingosine associated with tooth brushing on color change, surface roughness, and microhardness of dental enamel — an in vitro and in situ study

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