Physicochemical and phytochemical standardization, and antibacterial evaluation of Cassia alata leaves from different locations in Indonesia

Abstract

Physicochemical analysis for simplicia and extract, respectively: water content 2.12–4% for simplicia; drying losses 3.93–5.47% and 8.51–19.76%; total ash 5.14–9.41% and 6.22–17.07%; total ash acid-insoluble content 0.29–5.41% and 0.52–3.82%; total ash water-soluble content 1.26–7.14% and 1.43–8.54%; water-soluble content 19.60–39.43% and 58.45–77.51%; ethanol-soluble content 13.99–33.76% and 59.79–75.39%. The phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Total flavonoids and total phenolics content were 9.86–15.74% QE/g and 6.67–7.65% GAE/g, respectively. Based on LC-MS results, the extract contained emodin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The extracts possessed antibacterial activity against bacteria tested.

Quality control standardization of Indonesian noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) extract and evaluation of their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity

“…As shown in Table 2, there was no heavy metal detected in crude drugs and extracts obtained from three different locations. The results were in agreement to previous study where the maximum limit for Pb ≤ 10 mg/kg, Cd ≤ 0.3 mg/kg, Hg ≤ 0.5 mg/kg, and As ≤ 5 mg/kg (Angelina et al 2021). The next parameter of herbal quality control is microbial contamination.…”

In Vitro Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Test on Extract Dayak Onion Herb (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr. ex K. Heyne)

“…Residue of solvent and dry shrinkage analysis are used to assess the purity of the extract, while water content measurement is important for quality control purposes. These non-specific parameter analyses are essential in determining the quality and safety of plant extracts (22). Table 3 shows the results of non-specific parameter analysis of Dayak onion herbs.…”

A study on seed germination of Senna alata (L.) (ketepeng)

“…The fruit is in the form of winged pods with a length of up to 25 cm, when the fruit is ripe it will be dark brown or black and will release 50-70 seeds in each pod. Seeds are blackish brown, triangular shape with a flattened shape [1] (Figure 1).…”

“…In Indonesia, grinding or rubbing leaves directly on the affected skin can get rid of the fungus. Local people in Nigeria use the leaves as a traditional medicine to treat convulsions, venereal diseases (syphilis and gonorrhea), heart failure, stomach aches, fever, asthma, and as a laxative [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The requests for S.alata as a provider of medications are in great demand by pharmaceutical companies.…”