Physicochemical and functional properties of peeled and unpeeled coconut haustorium flours

Chemical Composition, Nutritive Value, Volatile Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Haustorium with Different Transverse Diameter

“…Besides, the fat content of SCH, MCH and LCH were 5.03, 4.27 and 4.03 g/100 g dry basis, respectively. Which was similar to that of unpeeled haustorium (5.59 g/100 g dry basis), but higher than that of the peeled sample (3.01 g/100 g dry basis) reported by Smita, et al [ 4 ]. It further indicated that the yellow skin on the surface of coconut haustorium was rich in fat [ 2 , 4 ].…”

“…The FTIR spectra of three samples were shown in Figure 4 , strong absorption peaks at 3413.56–3394.27 cm −1 usually represented the stretching vibration of O-H [ 33 , 34 ]. Weak absorption peaks near 2925 cm −1 and 2850 cm −1 were related to the stretching vibration of C-H [ 4 , 35 ]. Peaks near 1740 cm −1 and 1630 cm −1 were assigned to the stretching vibration of ester and non-ester carbonyl C=O, respectively, which usually indicated the existence of protein and uronic acid [ 33 ].…”

“…The strong transmittance around 1415 cm −1 and 1250 cm −1 showed the variable angle vibration of C-H and stretching vibration of C-O, respectively [ 33 , 35 ]. Furthermore, the sharp peak at 1054.92 cm −1 , weak absorption near 920 cm −1 and 520 cm −1 of fingerprint area were attributed to the stretching vibration of the β-pyranose ring [ 4 , 34 , 36 ]. On the whole, the FTIR spectra of CH were basically the same except for the low transmittance of SCH.…”

“…However, due to the impact of labor shortage and the decline of agricultural product prices, the coconut harvest cycle in Southeast Asia has been extended to 90–120 days in recent years, resulting in a coconut germination rate of 5–8% after long-distance transportation to China [ 2 ]. In the sprouting coconuts, there is a spongy organ named as haustorium which can mobilize nutrients from coconut water and meat to nourish the germinating embryo and fill the entire water cavity in 20–24 weeks after germination [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Therefore, Hainan may produce about 10 thousand tons of haustorium every year because of the main processing materials of meat and shell.…”

“…Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in haustorium increased, while the contents of soluble protein and polyphenols decreased gradually during the process of the haustorium filling the entire cavity [ 1 , 8 ]. In addition, there were also a few reports about the nutritional components and antioxidant activities of haustorium among 2 months of germination, and the effects of extrusion and peeling or not on the physicochemical properties of haustorium [ 2 , 4 , 9 ]. However, there are few systematic reports on what size of haustorium has higher functional activity and nutritional value including reasonable amino acid and fatty acid composition, rich minerals and so on, and whether there are differences in volatile components among the different haustorium, which is very unfavorable to the deep processing and utilization of haustorium.…”