Physicochemical and Bioelectrical Determinants of Cartilage Material Properties

Frank, Eliot H.; Grodzinsky, Alan J.; Phillips, Sonia; Grimshaw, P.E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3448-7_9

Cited by 41 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Electrical conductivity is a material property of biological tissues and is related to ion diffusivities within the tissue (Maroudas, 1968;Frank et al, Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrical conductivity in Porcine tMJ Discs 1990). Using an electrical conductivity method, investigators have studied the effects of mechanical strains on ion transport in hydrogels and IVD (Gu et al, 2004;.…”

Section: Introduction Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrical Conductivity in Porcine TMJ Discs

et al. 2011

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The objective of this study was to examine the impact of mechanical loading on solute transport in porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs using the electrical conductivity method. The electrical conductivity, as well as ion diffusivity, of TMJ discs was determined under confined compression with 3 strains in 5 disc regions. The average electrical conductivity over the 5 regions (mean ± SD) at 0% strain was 3.10 ± 0.68 mS/cm, decreased to 2.76 ± 0.58 mS/cm (-11.0%) at 10% strain, and 2.38 ± 0.55 mS/cm (-22.2%) at 20% compressive strain. Correspondingly, the average relative ion diffusivity (mean ± SD) at 0% strain was 0.273 ± 0.055, decreased to 0.253 ± 0.048 (-7.3%) at 10% strain, and 0.231 ± 0.048 (-15.4%) at 20% compressive strain. These results indicated that compressive strain impeded solute transport in the TMJ disc. Furthermore, our results showed that the transport properties of TMJ discs were regiondependent. The electrical conductivity and ion diffusivity in the anterior region were significantly higher than in the posterior region. This regional difference is likely due to the significant differences of tissue hydration between these 2 regions. This study provides important insight into the electrical and solute transport behaviors in TMJ discs under mechanical loading and aids in the understanding of TMJ pathophysiology related to tissue nutrition.

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Section: Introduction Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrical Conductivity in Porcine TMJ Discs

et al. 2011

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“…As well as determining the distribution of osmotically active ions, the concentration of fixed negative charges in the matrix also determines the distribution of H ' and thus the pH; the H+ concentration in cartilage is always higher in the tissue than in the external solution, and the pH is consequently lower (Gray et al, 1988;Frank et al, 1990). In living cartilage, the pH is also lowered further by the lactate produced by the chondrocytes, whose metabolism is mainly anaerobic (Stockwell, 1979;Holm et al, 1982;Henderson and Ma-son, 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

Regulation of matrix synthesis rates by the ionic and osmotic environment of articular chondrocytes

Urban

Hall

Gehl

1993

Journal Cellular Physiology

268

292

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Chondrocytes in cartilage are embedded in a matrix containing a high concentration of proteoglycans and hence of fixed negative charges. Their extracellular ionic environment is thus different from that of most cells, with extracellular Na+ being 250-350 mM and extracellular osmolality 350-450 mOsm. When chondrocytes are isolated from the matrix and incubated in standard culture medium (DMEM; osmolality 250-280 mOsm), their extracellular environment changes sharply. We incubated isolated bovine articular chondrocytes and cartilage slices in DMEM whose osmolality was altered over the range 250-450 mOsm by Na+ or sucrose addition. 35S-sulphate and 3H-proline incorporation rates were at a maximum when the extracellular osmolality was 350-400 mOsm for both freshly isolated chondrocytes and for chondrocytes in cartilage. The incorporation rate per cell of isolated chondrocytes was only 10% that of chondrocytes in situ both 4 and 24 hours after isolation. For freshly isolated chondrocytes, the rate increased 30-50% in DMEM to which NaCl or sucrose had been added to increase osmolality. In chondrocytes incubated overnight in DMEM, the rate was greatest in DMEM of normal osmolality and fell from the maximum in proportion to the change in osmolality. The effects of sucrose addition on incorporation rates were similar but not identical to those of Na+ addition. Changes in cell volume might be linked to changes in synthesis rates since the cell volume of chondrocytes (measured by Coulter-counter) increased 30-40% when the cells were removed from their in situ environment into DMEM. Synthesis rates can thus be partly regulated by changes in extracellular osmolality, which in cartilage is controlled by proteoglycan concentration. This provides a mechanism by which the chondrocytes can rapidly respond to changes in extracellular matrix composition.

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“…Electrical conductivity is a material property of biological tissues. Its value is related to the diffusivity of small ions inside the tissue, which depend on tissue composition and structure [22,23]. Using an electrical conductivity method, the effect of matrix composition on solute permeability has been studied in hydrogels and cartilaginous tissues [24,25].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Hypothermia upon Chondrocyte Viability and Cartilage Matrix Permeability after 1 Month of Refrigerated Storage

Brockbank

Rahn

Wright

et al. 2011

Transfus Med Hemother

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Background: The purpose of this research was to assess the extracellular matrix and chondrocytes of articular cartilage during refrigerated storage and to determine whether changes could be detected in the time frame that cartilage is stored for clinical use. Methods: Porcine cartilage was stored as either bisected femoral heads with bone attached or plugs without the underlying bone in culture medium with fetal bovine serum for 1 month at 4 °C. Metabolic activity was tested using a resazurin reduction method on intact tissue and viable cell recovery after enzymatic tissue digestion at each time point. Cartilage plug permeability was evaluated by measuring electrical conductivity. Results: Storage in culture medium provided good cartilage viability and metabolic function for 7 days; however, significant changes were observed in femoral heads (p < 0.05). All mean chondrocyte assessment values were <30% of fresh controls at 28 days. Cartilage plugs tended to perform better after 7 days of storage than the femoral heads and retained significantly higher metabolic activity (mean = 94.5% vs. 70.5%; p < 0.05). Cartilage plugs demonstrated consistent changes in electrical conductivity after 28 days of storage (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Refrigerated storage of cartilage results in both loss of chondrocyte viability and matrix permeability.

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Physicochemical and Bioelectrical Determinants of Cartilage Material Properties

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrical Conductivity in Porcine TMJ Discs

Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrical Conductivity in Porcine TMJ Discs

Regulation of matrix synthesis rates by the ionic and osmotic environment of articular chondrocytes

Impact of Hypothermia upon Chondrocyte Viability and Cartilage Matrix Permeability after 1 Month of Refrigerated Storage

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