Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Conventional and Two Premixed Root Canal Filling Materials in Primary Teeth

Abstract

In this study, some physicochemical and antibacterial properties of three root canal filling materials for primary teeth, Calplus “CP” (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA), Bio-C Pulpecto “Bio-CP” (Angelus, Basil, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil), and Zinc Oxide and Eugenol “ZOE” (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA) were compared. For each material, the pH, solubility, contact angle, and crystalline microstructure under SEM were evaluated. Their antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was determined through direct tests. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the results using a one-way analysis of variance on ranks. All the materials had an alkaline pH at 3, 24, and 72 h, with CalPlus having the highest (p < 0.05). Bio-CP was more soluble during the evaluation period (24 h) than ZOE and CalPlus (p < 0.05). Bio-CP and ZOE demonstrated the creation of crystallite structures on their surfaces after immersion in PBS at 37 °C, whereas CalPlus showed none. The lowest contact angle was observed for Bio-CP (53 ± 1.5°); contact angles of (86 ± 4°) and (96 ± 1°), respectively, were observed after 10 s of the deposition of the water drop for CalPlus and ZOE. In conclusion, according to this study, there is still a need to develop new filling materials for primary teeth. ZOE, CalPlus and Bio-CP demonstrated different physicochemical and antibacterial properties, but none of the materials had optimal properties and could be considered the most suitable filling material for primary teeth pulpectomy. Bioceramics in their current state are not an alternative. The physicochemical and antibacterial properties still need improvement to fit the intricate anatomy of primary teeth.

Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Premixed Calcium Silicate and Resin Sealers

“…A pH-meter (CyberScan pH 510, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA), was used to measure the pH of media (n = 5) at 3, 24 and 72 h. The calibration of pH-meter was performed using standard solutions at pH 10, 4 and 7 (Hanna Instruments, Lingolsheim, France). Distilled water was used to rinse and eliminate the previous solution from the pH electrode [ 23 ].…”

Effectiveness of Two Endodontic Instruments in Calcium Silicate-Based Sealer Retreatment

“…Currently, calcium silicate materials are used frequently in endodontic practice due to their great biological, mechanical, and physicochemical properties [ 35 , 36 ]. Ceraseal sealer, which was used in the present study, is one of these calcium silicate endodontic products that has demonstrated an alkaline pH and release of Ca 2+ ions [ 23 ].…”

“…Ceraseal sealer, which was used in the present study, is one of these calcium silicate endodontic products that has demonstrated an alkaline pH and release of Ca 2+ ions [ 23 ]. Therefore, these properties might enhance and provide for the mineralization process and the formation of hydroxyapatite tags in the dentinal tubules [ 21 , 23 , 29 , 35 ].…”

“…Previous studies have reported that gutta-percha material could be eliminated mechanically using instruments and chemically by the application of different solvents [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. In contrast, calcium silicate sealers and cements are very difficult in retreatment due to their high compressive strength, appropriate interactions with dental tissues, and mineralization reactions [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 29 , 35 , 36 , 42 ]. A previous study demonstrated that the use of special acids, such as formic acid, is the best route to retreat teeth filled with calcium silicate-based sealer [ 43 ].…”

Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Bioactive Retrograde Filling Materials

“…After 10 s, the 5 µL drop was totally absorbed by the surface of BR which had the higher roughness values compared to BD and WR ( p < 0.05). Whatever the considered wetting model (Wenzel or Cassie–Baxter) [ 48 ], the higher roughness and hydrophilic surface would increase the adhesion, protein adsorption and the cellular attachment, and provide a superior biocompatibility [ 48 , 49 , 50 ]. In contrast, a decrease in cell proliferation and growth could be related to a critical roughness ration, where the elastic energy of the cell hinders the insertion of the cells into surface trenches, where cells install over the tips of the rough surfaces leading to only point-contact, which minimizes cell–surface interaction [ 51 ].…”