Physico-chemical and radioactive characterization of TiO2 undissolved mud for its valorization

Gázquez, M.J.; Mantero, Juan Carlos; Bolı́var, J.P.; Garcı́a-Tenorio, R.; Vaca, F.; Lozano, R.L.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.075

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ilmenite mud shows a high content of TiO 2 (56 wt.%), SiO 2 (18 wt.%), Fe 2 O 3 (10wt.%) and Al 2 O 3 (5.1 wt.%) ( Table 1) as expected [11]. Moreover we found 2.96 wt.% of SO 3 , predictable because the ilmenite mud is produced by sulphuric acid digestion.…”

Section: Chemical Analysissupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Then this mud is separated from the liquor by a process of decantation and filtration, and finally stored in a safety area. The magnitude of this generated waste is around 30,000 tons per year, which until now have not had any use, and therefore it is disposed of in an authorised waste repository [11]. Moreover, the content of natural radionuclidesis high in relation to a typical soil (about 100 times higher), and so it is classified as a NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) industry, whichpresents enhanced levels of radionuclides from the natural uranium and thorium series.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorisation of ilmenite mud waste in the manufacture of commercial ceramic

Contreras

Martı́n

Gázquez

et al. 2014

Construction and Building Materials

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This paper reports the results of a study focused on the production of ceramic tiles from ilmenite mud (MUD), a waste generated by the industry devoted to the TiO 2 pigment production. Ceramic tiles were produced from mixtures of a commercial red stonewaremixture (RSM)with different concentrations of mud (3, 5, 7, 10, 30 and 50 wt%). The samples were sintered to simulate a fast-firing process. The sintering behaviour of the fired samples was evaluated according to ISO methodologiesby linear shrinkage, water absorption and porosity measurements. Both green powder and fired samples were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC/TG), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and bending strength measurements. Moreover, since this activity is a NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) industry, the radionuclides activity concentrations were measured by both gamma and alpha spectrometry techniques. Finally, the TCLP leaching test (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, USEPA) was performed to assess the risks of the use of undissolved mud tilesfrom an environmental perspective. The results obtained demonstrated that ilmenite mud can be successfully valorisatedin the manufacture of red stoneware ceramic bodies, witheven better technological properties than commercial ones. The addition ofmud as additive (from 3% to 10%) had a beneficial effectto thesintering processes, inproving the bending strength (up to 15 %) and reducing both apparent porosity and water absorption (up to 50%).

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Section: Chemical Analysissupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorisation of ilmenite mud waste in the manufacture of commercial ceramic

Contreras

Martı́n

Gázquez

et al. 2014

Construction and Building Materials

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“…There is, however, not a lot of information on the use of ilmenite mud waste from the production process of TiO 2 in the construction industry. The problem which was indicated by the authors of the previous publications was the level of radioactivity of this waste material [16][17][18]. Attempting such use has been limited by high radioactivity, which, for this waste exceeded acceptable standards for building products in most countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of ilmenite mud waste on the hydration process of Portland cement

Bobrowicz

Chyliński

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The paper presents the results of research on the influence of ilmenite mud waste coming from the production of titanium dioxide on the process of cement hydration by isothermal microcalorimetry. Quantitative analysis of the waste impact on hydration heat and kinetics has been conducted. The mud shows pozzolanic properties from the early hours after contacting the waste and cement mixture with water. The optimal amount of waste addition is within the wide range from 0 to 20 %. From this study, it is concluded that the waste from the production of titanium dioxide may be treated as a potential replacement for cement in concrete.

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“…Around 30,000 tons per year of mud are generated without any use andit is disposed of in a waste repository [5]. Moreover, the natural radionuclides content is 100 times higher in relation to a typical soil, being classified as a NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) industry presenting enhanced levels of radionuclides from the U and Th series [6].Apossible environmental solution to the disposal of a wide range of solid wastes could be their incorporation into ceramics [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These ceramic bodies were produced from mixtures of a commercial red stoneware mixture (RSM) with different concentrations of mud (3,5,7,10, 30 and 50 wt.%). The samples were sintered to simulate a fastfiring process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture of Ceramic Bodies by Using a Mud Waste from the TiO<sub>2</sub> Pigment Industry

Contreras

Martı́n

Gázquez

et al. 2015

KEM

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The main objective of this paper is focused in the use of a waste generated by the TiO 2 pigment industry, ilmenite mud (MUD), on the production of ceramic bodies. These ceramic bodies were produced from mixtures of a commercial red stoneware mixture (RSM) with different concentrations of mud (3,5,7,10, 30 and 50 wt.%). The samples were sintered to simulate a fastfiring process. The sintering behaviour of the fired samples was evaluated by linear shrinkage, means of water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density. Both green powder and fired samples were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC/TG), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and bending strength measurements. Moreover, the activity concentrations of radionuclides were measured by highresolution low-background gamma spectrometry, because this mud is a NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) waste. Finally, the TCLP leaching test (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, USEPA) was performed to assess the risks of use tiles from an environmental perspective. The results demonstrated that MUD can be successfully valorised in the manufacture of red stoneware ceramic bodies with similar or even better technological properties than commercialmaterials used currently.

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Physico-chemical and radioactive characterization of TiO2 undissolved mud for its valorization

Cited by 26 publications

References 30 publications

Valorisation of ilmenite mud waste in the manufacture of commercial ceramic

Valorisation of ilmenite mud waste in the manufacture of commercial ceramic

The influence of ilmenite mud waste on the hydration process of Portland cement

Manufacture of Ceramic Bodies by Using a Mud Waste from the TiO<sub>2</sub> Pigment Industry

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