“…That doctors act as architects, leaders, instruments and auxiliaries of mass murder, conducting lethal experiments on behalf of a transgressor state, may beggar belief: yet after World War II, prosecution investigators at the Nuremberg and other medical trials exposed and thoroughly documented such activities on a large scale (Alexander 1948(Alexander , 1949. The transgressions of doctors, psychiatrists and other professionals under Nazism have been extensively examined (see Grodin and Annas 2007, Schmidt 2007, Weindling 2006, Baum 2008, Dudley and Gale 2002and Markusen 1997 for examples of recent bibliographies). Such a debacle was unprecedented.…”