Physically Crosslinked Biocompatible Silk‐Fibroin‐Based Hydrogels with High Mechanical Performance

Abstract

have indeed shown greater mechanical performance than the traditional hydrogels. [8][9][10][11][12][13] However, problems still remained in terms of the applications of these hydrogels in biomedical fi elds. First, even if the elasticity of these hydrogels is improved signifi cantly, the modulus is far worse to meet the needs. Beyond that, poor biocompatibility as well as the possible toxicity of degradation product of these hydrogels poses a potential risk for the health of living beings. [ 6,7,14 ] Natural polymers, such as agarose, gelatin, hyaluronic acid and silk, possessing good biocompatibility, and the nontoxic degradation products, have received increasing interest in biomedical fi elds in the past decades. [ 15 ] Although these natural polymer based hydrogels have been extensively studied as the potential matrix for tissue engineering, the poor mechanical performance of the natural polymer based hydrogels is still a major limitation or a disadvantage for their medical applications. [ 16 ] Therefore, many methods were employed to improve the mechanical properties of the natural polymer based hydrogels. Chemical crosslinking was used as a facile routine approach to boost the mechanical properties of the natural polymer based hydrogels, but the safety of the chemical crosslinking reagent involved was a primary concern and the use of that might cause some unfavorable problems. [ 14 ] Besides chemical crosslinking, other efforts such as physical treatments [ 17,18 ] or mixing with other natural/synthetic polymers, [ 15,19 ] have been made to strengthen the natural polymer based hydrogels, yet the problem is still no closer to be solved.Among all natural polymers, Bombyx mori silk fi broin (SF) is one of the ideal candidates for biomedical applications due to it combining suffi cient mechanical performance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. [20][21][22][23][24] Many approaches were employed to fabricate the physically crosslinked silk based hydrogels, such as sonication, vortex, addition of ethanol, and electrical fi eld. [25][26][27][28][29] However, most of the SF based hydrogels show poor mechanical performance which is a major stumbling block for applications. Recently, though a new covalently crosslinked SF based hydrogel with signifi cant elasticity was engineered via a kind of bio-crosslink reagent, i.e., HRP (horseradish peroxide), [ 7 ] it still could not escape the fate of poor mechanical properties in terms of the softness. Besides, the formation of the heterogeneous aggregates of crosslinking sites in the process of gelation can result in the poor optical properties Physically Crosslinked Biocompatible Silk-Fibroin-Based Hydrogels with High Mechanical PerformanceKunyuan Luo , Yuhong Yang , and Zhengzhong Shao * Developing hydrogel which combines superior mechanical performance and biocompatibility attracts researchers' attention in recent years. Here, a novel biocompatible hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance, comprised of regenerated silk fi broin (RSF) and hydroxypropyl methyl ce...

A Review of Structure Construction of Silk Fibroin Biomaterials from Single Structures to Multi-Level Structures

“…Both the compressive modulus and tensile modulus of the hydrogel were over 1 MPa, and the break energy was as high as 3500 Jm −2 . These advantageous properties were attributed to the dominant crosslinks of smaller β-sheet structures in the SF/HPMC hydrogels [34]. Partlow et al have reported a new method to fabricate highly tunable elastic SF hydrogels via enzymatically covalent crosslinking of tyrosine residues in SF generated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide.…”

“…Therefore, it had been demonstrated that the addition of HPMC observably improved mechanical properties but had little influence on the biocompatibility of SF. Thus, the applicability of SF could be expanded for load-bearing biomaterials [34]. SF scaffolds were also reported in spinal cord injury repair.…”

Ivory as an Important Model Bio‐composite

“…In another fundamental research study Luo et al. () created a novel biocompatible bio‐component hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance, comprised of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) that could provide a robust matrix for further development. Last but not least, a study making good, dense bone with silk and hydroxyapative (Collins et al.…”

“…Some of these are based on the benchtop development of other bio-inspired materials such as mother of pearl where silk was able to induce the growth of hydroxyapatite (Mi et al 2016). In another fundamental research study Luo et al (2016) created a novel biocompatible bio-component hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance, comprised of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) that could provide a robust matrix for further development. Last but not least, a study making good, dense bone with silk and hydroxyapative (Collins et al 2009) seems to indicate that bio-inspired synthetic ivory may actually be possible if and when the right component chemistry and ratios can be mixed and ivory's micro-and nano-structure can be copied into the composite.…”

Malleability and Pliability of Silk‐Derived Electrodes for Efficient Deformable Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Silk fibroin exhibits great potential in the fields of biology, photoelectronic due to its excellent flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability . Silk fibroin is composed of crystalline and amorphous regions.…”