Physically and Chemically Crosslinked, Tannic Acid Embedded Linear PEI-Based Hydrogels and Cryogels with Natural Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties

Abstract

Linear polyethyleneimine (L-PEI) was obtained from the acidic hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and employed in the synthesis of physically crosslinked L-PEI hydrogel, PC-L-PEIH, chemically crosslinked L-PEI hydrogel, CC-L-PEIH, and cryogels, CC-L-PEIC. The preparation of L-PEI-based hydrogel networks was carried out in two ways: 1) by cooling the L-PEI solution from 90 °C to room temperature, and 2) by crosslinking L-PEI chains with a crosslinker, glycerol diglycidyl ether = 20 °C for CC-L-PEIC. Furthermore, a polyphenolic compound, tannic acid (TA), with superior antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties as an active biomedical functional agent, was encapsulated during the synthesis process within L-PEI-based hydrogels and cryogels, at 10% and 25% (w/w) based on the L-PEI amount. A linear and higher TA release was observed from physically crosslinked PEI-based hydrogels containing 10% and 25% TA-containing PC-L-PEI/TAH within 6 h, with 9.5 ± 05 mg/g and 60.2 ± 3.8 mg/g cumulative released amounts, respectively. A higher antioxidant activity was observed for 25% TA containing PC-L-PEI/TAH with 53.6 ± 5.3 µg/mL total phenol content and 0.48 ± 0.01 µmole Trolox equivalent/g. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PC-L-PEIH and CC-L-PEIC networks against both E. coli (ATCC 8739) and Gram-positive B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) bacteria was determined at 5 mg/mL, whereas the MBC value of 10 mg/mL for CC-L-PEIH networks against the same bacteria was achieved.

Carboxymethyl Chitosan Microgels for Sustained Delivery of Vancomycin and Long-Lasting Antibacterial Effects

“…Bacteria growth inhibition and bactericidal effects of Van@CMCh were investigated against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli ATCC 8739 and gram-positive bacteria S. aureus ATCC 6538 by micro-titer dilution and inhibition zone assays as described in the literature [ 67 , 68 ]. CMCh, CMCh microgels, and Van@CMCh microgels weighing 50 mg were sterilized under UV irradiation at 355 nm and then suspended in 10 mL of PBS solution.…”

Recent Advances in Micro- and Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials

“…Other types of polymers included in this family are linear, cross-linked, and branched polymers. The design and production of biocompatible dendrimers, in addition to their use in a range of bioscience sectors that include drug delivery, immunology, and vaccine generation, have been the primary focus of dendrimer research [47,48]. Dendrimers are a form of reducible polymer that has also been investigated for their potential to effectively transport genes [49].…”

Metal‐Phenolic Nanocapsules with Photothermal Antibacterial and Ros Scavenging Ability for Diabetic Wound Healing

“…[ 24 ] Among the myriad of polyphenols, tannic acid (TA) emerges as an exceptional natural antibacterial compound with biodegradable characteristics. [ 25,26 ] It has been documented that TA can coordinate with diverse metals, resulting in the formation of complexes exhibiting unique photothermal properties. [ 27 ] Consequently, TA emerges as a highly suitable candidate for antibiotic‐free antibacterial approaches.…”