“…As the frequency increased, the efficacy of PWT in the prevention of fouling slightly increased [60]. In the cases of PWT, the fouling resistance reduced by about 76% from the no-treatment case value.…”
Section: Water Treatment Using Rf Electric Fieldsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Cho et al conducted another validation study with much greater frequencies (i.e., 13.56 and 27.12 MHz) in a slightly different test setup, where a chiller was used instead of cooling tower to maintain a constant temperature of the circulating hard water during the fouling test [60]. Both hot and cold water lines were kept at constant inlet temperatures of 85.5 AE 0.5 and 23.5 AE 0.5 C, respectively.…”
Section: Water Treatment Using Rf Electric Fieldsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…30 Results of fouling resistance, R f , versus time obtained with no treatment and with physical water treatment (PWT) using radio frequency electric fields at three different voltages and two different frequencies (water hardness ¼ 550 ppm as CaCO 3 , flow velocity ¼ 0.3 m/s). Taken from Ref [60],. Elsevier.…”
“…As the frequency increased, the efficacy of PWT in the prevention of fouling slightly increased [60]. In the cases of PWT, the fouling resistance reduced by about 76% from the no-treatment case value.…”
Section: Water Treatment Using Rf Electric Fieldsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Cho et al conducted another validation study with much greater frequencies (i.e., 13.56 and 27.12 MHz) in a slightly different test setup, where a chiller was used instead of cooling tower to maintain a constant temperature of the circulating hard water during the fouling test [60]. Both hot and cold water lines were kept at constant inlet temperatures of 85.5 AE 0.5 and 23.5 AE 0.5 C, respectively.…”
Section: Water Treatment Using Rf Electric Fieldsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…30 Results of fouling resistance, R f , versus time obtained with no treatment and with physical water treatment (PWT) using radio frequency electric fields at three different voltages and two different frequencies (water hardness ¼ 550 ppm as CaCO 3 , flow velocity ¼ 0.3 m/s). Taken from Ref [60],. Elsevier.…”
“…Therefore, fouling is a frequent technological problem that requires proper scale-prevention treatment. The environmental and economic concerns that arise with traditional chemical treatments are strong motivation for the development of safer and cleaner physical methods, such as the application of permanent magnets [3][4][5][6], electromagnetic coils [7][8][9][10], electrodes [11], ultrasound [12] and catalytic metals [13]. Several operational parameters, e.g.…”
The paper presents model devices for magnetic water treatment, optimized for scale control at water capacities up to a few m 3 /h. Different arrangements of permanent magnets were investigated and simulated at different water-flow capacities to yield the proper magnetic field distribution and the required magnetic flux density, using the computational program OPERA 15R1 (Vector Fields Software) with the finite-element method, considering the real 3D-geometry, non-linearity of magnetic properties of construction materials, and the interaction of neighbouring poles.
“…Electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology has been demonstrated its potential for fouling mitigation in industry water coolers. RF (radio frequency) electrical field was applied for physical water treatment and was reported as a useful approach to mitigate crystallisation fouling in cooling water (Tijing et al 2010, Zhang et al 2016. The voltage and frequency of the RF field affected the crystal structures.…”
Without their precious suggestions, I would not have worked out so many problems in the project. They have shared with me their priceless research experiences, and always encouraged me to have a critical thinking and attain essential insights on my research. I always obtain inspiring ideas through discussions with them. I also would like to thank Prof. Fei Duan for his constant encouragement and help during my study in NTU. I would like to appreciate the financial support received from Nanyang Technological University. Without the scholarship, this research would not have been feasible. I also acknowledge technical staff, Messrs. Yuan Kee Hock and Yap Pow Khim and for their assistance in the experiments. They taught me many lessons around the laboratories and workshops. I have been very lucky to work side by side with the distinguished students in Thermal and Fluids Laboratory who have helped me a lot.
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