Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of highly porous polylactic acid/cellulose nanofibre scaffolds prepared by salt leaching technique

Radakisnin, Revati; Majid, M.S. Abdul; Ridzuan, M.J.M.; Tahir, Mohd Faizal Mat; Cheng, E. M.; Alshahrani, Hassan

doi:10.1515/ntrev-2021-0098

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, the porosity of the scaffolds was substantially influenced by the grafting process. Porosity represents the percentage of void space and is calculated by dividing the volume of voids by the total volume [ 26 ]. In tissue engineering, porosity and pores interconnectivity are extremely important as they facilitate cell attachment and proliferation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sponges from Plasma Treated Cellulose Nanofibers Grafted with Poly(ethylene glycol)methyl Ether Methacrylate

et al. 2022

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In this work, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were surface treated by plasma and grafted with poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMMA) for increasing mechanical strength and hydrophobicity. The surface characteristics of the sponges were studied by scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which demonstrated successful surface modification. Plasma treatment applied to CNF suspension led to advanced defibrillation, and the resulting sponges (CNFpl) exhibited smaller wall thickness than CNF. The grafting of PEGMMA led to an increase in the wall thickness of the sponges and the number of larger pores when compared with the non-grafted counterparts. Sponges with increased hydrophobicity demonstrated by an almost 4 times increase in the water contact angle and better mechanical strength proved by 2.5 times increase in specific compression strength were obtained after PEGMMA grafting of plasma treated CNF. Cells cultivated on both neat and PEGMMA-grafted CNF sponges showed high viability (>99%). Remarkably, CNF grafted with PEGMMA showed better cell viability as compared with the untreated CNF sample; this difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05). In addition, the obtained sponges do not trigger an inflammatory response in macrophages, with TNF-α secretion by cells in contact with CNFpl, CNF-PEGMMA, and CNFpl-PEGMMA samples being lower than that observed for the CNF sample. All these results support the great potential of cellulose nanofibers surface treated by plasma and grafted with PEGMMA for biomedical applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sponges from Plasma Treated Cellulose Nanofibers Grafted with Poly(ethylene glycol)methyl Ether Methacrylate

et al. 2022

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“…The total porosity of scaffolds was determined by the gravimetric method, as described in the previous literature [ 34 , 35 ]. Five specimens from each group were weighed in air and results recorded as m 0 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) Scaffold with Polydopamine-Assisted Biomineralization for Bone Regeneration

2022

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The development of scaffolds that simultaneously provide porous architectures and osteogenic properties is the major challenge in tissue engineering. Herein, a scaffold with high porosity and well interconnected networks, namely poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT), was fabricated using the gas foaming/ammonium bicarbonate particulate leaching technique. Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA)-assisted biomineralization generated by two-step simple soaking in dopamine solution and 10× SBF-like solution was performed to improve the material’s osteogenicity. Highly porous scaffolds available in less organized opened cell structures with diameters ranging from 10 µm to 100 µm and 200 µm to 500 µm were successfully prepared. The well interconnected porous architectures were observed through the whole thickness of the scaffold. The even deposition of the organic–inorganic bioactive mineralized layer composed of PDA and nano-scale hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals on the scaffold surface was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The developed scaffold exhibited high total porosity (84.17 ± 1.29%), a lower surface contact angle (θ = 45.7 ± 5.9°), lower material degradation rate (7.63 ± 2.56%), and a high level of material biocompatibility. The MTT assay and Alizarin Red S staining (ARS) confirmed its osteogenic enhancement property toward human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). These results clarified that the developed porous PLA/PBAT scaffold with PDA-assisted biomineralization exhibited good potential for application as a biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration and hard tissue engineering.

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“…In comparison, the scaffolds fabricated in this study demonstrated a higher compressive modulus than the aforementioned studies. However, it was essential to maintain a balance between achieving an appropriate porosity range of 40% to 95% [28] to facilitate cell infiltration and nutrient transport and ensuring sufficient mechanical properties to support cell growth and maintain scaffold integrity, specifically, the compressive modulus of bone scaffolds should be in the range of 2 MPa to 10 MPa [46].…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of the Scaffoldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of PLA/HA porous scaffolds with controlled pore sizes using the combined freeze drying and sucrose leaching technique for bone tissue engineering

SINGHAWANNURAT,

LAWTAE,

ROJVIRIYA

et al. 2024

J Met Mater Miner

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The combination of freeze drying and sucrose leaching technique was employed to fabricate PLA/HA scaffolds with controlled pore size. The influence of the HA content and sucrose size on the scaffold properties was investigated. The fabricated scaffolds showed porous properties with a porosity of 44% to 58% and pore size of 461 μm to 688 μm. The results indicated that the scaffolds possessed favorable porous properties, illustrated by good interconnectivity, appropriate pore size, and suitable porosity. These characteristics were crucial for facilitating bone cell growth and promoting the formation of new tissue within the scaffold structure. The compressive modulus of the scaffolds was examined and found to be in the range of 3.35 MPa to 5.75 MPa. Furthermore, the degradation behavior of the scaffolds was studied for 28 days in a Phosphate Buffered Saline solution. The results showed that the degradation rate was varied in the range of 6% to 14%. The water uptake of the scaffolds exhibited a range between 180% and 200%. Enhancement in water uptake was observed with higher HA content and increased sucrose size. Consequently, the scaffolds developed in this study hold promise as optimal candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.

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Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of highly porous polylactic acid/cellulose nanofibre scaffolds prepared by salt leaching technique

Cited by 11 publications

References 59 publications

Sponges from Plasma Treated Cellulose Nanofibers Grafted with Poly(ethylene glycol)methyl Ether Methacrylate

Sponges from Plasma Treated Cellulose Nanofibers Grafted with Poly(ethylene glycol)methyl Ether Methacrylate

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) Scaffold with Polydopamine-Assisted Biomineralization for Bone Regeneration

Development of PLA/HA porous scaffolds with controlled pore sizes using the combined freeze drying and sucrose leaching technique for bone tissue engineering

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