Physical Simulation of Live‐Fire Detonations using Command‐Detonation Fuzing

Walsh, Michael R.; Bigl, Matthew F.; Walsh, Marianne E.; Wrobel, Erik T.; Beal, Samuel; Temple, Tracey

doi:10.1002/prep.201700316

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Triplicate 1 g subsamples of these soils were extracted in 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes with 10 mL of 18.2 MΩ/cm deionized water (DI) by briefly vortexing and then placing them on a shaker table for 18 hours. Discrete subsamples of postdetonation residues from artillery munitions containing the insensitive munition formulation IMX-101 (Walsh et al 2018) were extracted in triplicate identically to the soil samples but with 20 mL of DI and a 10× to 100× dilution with DI prior to analysis. All aqueous samples and extracts were syringe-filtered at 0.45 µm (Millex IC polytetrafluoroethylene) into 5 mL autosampler vials with plain caps (Thermo PolyVial).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean values are shown ± one standard deviation on replicate (n = 3-7) subsamples. IMX-101 residues were previously measured by HPLC after total extraction with 1:1 acetonitrile:water (Walsh et al 2018). Total IMX-101 residues were measured on multi-increment subsamples compared with discrete subsamples by IC.…”

Section: Soils and Postdetonation Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, postdetonation deposition rates of some IHE munitions have exceeded their conventional replacements by two to five orders of magnitude, with NTO as a predominant residual component (Walsh et al 2014(Walsh et al , 2018. NTO has relatively high water solubility (1.28 g/L * at 19°C; Spear et al 1989) and a very low soil adsorption affinity (Mark et al 2016(Mark et al , 2017, which make it susceptible to migration via ground and surface water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental analysis of aqueous 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) by ion chromatography with conductivity detection

Beal¹,

Taylor²,

Crouch³

et al. 2020

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The newly fielded insensitive high-explosive compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is mobile in the environment due to its high water solubility and low affinity for soils. The weak acidity of NTO (pKa 3.67) presents a challenge to environmental analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography but enables direct separation by ion chromatography (IC). Here we developed an IC method for NTO in natural water, soil, and postdetonation residue. A gradient potassium hydroxide separation effectively resolved the inorganic anions (F − , Cl − , NO2 − , Br − , SO4 2− , NO3 − , and PO4 3−) and NTO in 18 minutes. Suppressed conductivity of aqueous NTO was linear from 10 µg/L to 10 mg/L with a detection limit of 3 µg/L and quantitation limit of 9 µg/L. Recoveries of NTO-spiked natural water samples were 93%-118% at concentrations of 30, 100, and 500 µg/L. Recoveries of NTO-spiked soil samples were 91%-114% using deionized water (DI) extraction. NTO was completely recovered with DI-extraction in two postdetonation residue samples of IMX-101 but only partially recovered (58% and 69%) in two higher-concentration residues, potentially due to incomplete dissolution of the energetic particle matrix. These results support IC for confirmation analysis of environmental samples and for screening natural water samples while simultaneously analyzing inorganic ions. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soils and Postdetonation Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental analysis of aqueous 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) by ion chromatography with conductivity detection

Beal¹,

Taylor²,

Crouch³

et al. 2020

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“…Highorder detonations of insensitive munitions (IM) tend to have efficiencies less than 99.99% (M. R. Walsh, Walsh, Ramsey, Taylor, et al 2013;M. R. Walsh, Walsh, Ramsey, Brochu, et al 2013;M. R. Walsh et al 2018).…”

Section: D90mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sieve stack and laser diffraction particle size analysis of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles

Bigl¹,

Beal²,

Walsh³

et al. 2020

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When an artillery round undergoes a low-order detonation during live-fire training or an unexploded ordnance clearance operation, up to 25% of the round's energetic contents are scattered over a small, localized area, sometimes less than 100 m 2. Training-range fate and transport models require an accurate representation of the particle-size characteristics of the material left behind from low-order detonations. This study investigated using laser diffraction particle size analysis to characterize 26 samples collected from four low-order command-detonated 81 mm mortar bodies filled with IMX-104. The refractive index of IMX-104 was estimated using an iterative recalculation technique on a Horiba LA-960 that yielded 1.845 0.01i. Of the 25 triplicate analyses conducted using this value, 12 passed the USP <429> measurement standard with 9 of the remaining samples found to have had a reduction in particle size during analysis that caused artificially high coefficient of variance values. The cumulative percent of particle sizes determined by laser diffraction and sieve stack differed by 0%-21.9% (median = 0.2%-7.2%). In addition, the higher resolution results of the laser diffraction particle size analysis, especially for particles smaller than 0.5 mm, make it the preferred method of analysis. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

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“…No prior tests had been conducted with the M821 C868 81 mm round prior to this field season. Previous performance of the originally requested munition, M889A2 CA43 81 mm Comp B rounds, used 12 g of C-4 in the CFS to initiate an HO detonation(Walsh et al 2018). Based on this performance, a minimum reduction in C-4 booster of 25% was used for initial LO command-detonation confirmation tests.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds

Bigl¹,

Beal²,

Ramsey³

2022

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Empirical measurements of the spatial distribution, particle-size distribution, mass, morphology, and energetic composition of particles from low-order (LO) detonations are critical to accurately characterizing environ-mental impacts on military training ranges. This study demonstrated a method of generating and characterizing LO-detonation particles, previously applied to insensitive munitions, to 81 mm mortar rounds containing the conventional explosive formulation Composition B. The three sampled rounds had estimated detonation efficiencies ranging from 64% to 82% as measured by sampled residual energetic material. For all sampled rounds, energetic deposition rates were highest closer to the point of detonation; however, the mass per radial meter varied. The majority of particles (>60%), by mass, were <2 mm in size. However, the spatial distribution of the <2 mm particles from the point of detonation varied be-tween the three sampled rounds. In addition to the particle-size-distribution results, several method performance observations were made, including command-detonation configurations, sampling quality control, particle-shape influence on laser-diffraction particle-size analysis (LD-PSA), and energetic purity trends. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of Composition B LO-detonation particles from command detonation through combined analysis by LD-PSA and sieving.

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Physical Simulation of Live‐Fire Detonations using Command‐Detonation Fuzing

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Environmental analysis of aqueous 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) by ion chromatography with conductivity detection

Environmental analysis of aqueous 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) by ion chromatography with conductivity detection

Sieve stack and laser diffraction particle size analysis of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles

Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds

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