Physical restraint within the prehospital Emergency Medical Care Environment: A scoping review

Is physical restraint unethical and illegal?: a qualitative analysis of Korean written judgments

“…However, the expression “not easily removable” in the commonly used definition of PR [ 1 ] prompts confusion about which devices are appropriate. Lethal adverse effects of PR, such as death, occur in relation to the restraint device, restraint position, and immobility [ 47 , 48 ]. To reduce the fatal adverse effects caused by PR, it is necessary to develop a physiologically safe restraint device and position.…”

“…In the PR-related lawsuit analyzed in this study, adherence to guidelines emerged as the pivotal factor influencing the determination of whether the ‘duty of care’ was violated. Regular monitoring of care recipients who are either currently using or likely to use physical restraints is crucial for ensuring compliance with guidelines [ 36 , 48 ]. Specific monitoring measures were identified in our study (e.g., checking restrained body parts every two hours and periodically releasing restraints).…”

“…Documentation is also important [ 51 ]. When a conflict arises, health workers are burdened with proving that their practices were appropriate [ 36 , 48 ]. Even with diligent adherence to guidelines, health workers may face challenges in having their compliance recognized in a dispute without detailed documentation.…”