“…Moreover, ceria (CeO 2 ) thin film has attracted much attention and widely explored due to its extraordinary characteristics. Mainly, its high transmittance of visible light, wide direct band gap of 3.2 eV, high stability, high dielectric constant and high refractive index [13][14][15], consequently, ceria thin films have been used for technological applications such as optoelectronics [16,17], solid oxide fuel cells [18,19], energy storage [20,21] and catalysts [22][23][24][25]. Moreover, CeO 2 has been used as a corrosion protective coating [26,27].…”