Physical properties of a novel small‐particle hyaluronic acid filler: In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies

Abstract

CLEVIEL Fine was proven to be safe and effective based on the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical study results.

Hyaluronic acid for lower eyelid and tear trough rejuvenation: review of the literature

“…The reported follow-up duration, when mentioned, ranged from 12 months [29] to 5 years [39,69] , with prolonged edema, the Tyndall effect and contour irregularities as the most commonly reported complications, along with diplopia [25] , and xanthelasma-like reactions [53] as a rare occurrence. Complications were also reported in several articles, even if not the focus of the study [13,17,22,28,32,[71][72][73][74][75] , and included two cases of cellulitis and one of migraine [13] .…”

“…Research focused on personal techniques purposed by the authors have been published since 2005. Airan and Born [11] and Kane [12] wrote the first articles ever about this topic, both in 2005; technique refinement and new trends have been published in 2006 [22,23] , 2007 [24,33] , 2011 [16,32,76] , 2012 [26,41,42,66] , 2013 [73] , 2014 [43] , 2015 [48][49][50] , 2016 [27,28] , 2017 [17,52] , 2018 [19,71,74] and 2019 [21] .…”

“…Injections performed by needle have been described since 2005 up to 2019 [11][12][13][14][15][16]21,28,33,74] , while cannula use has been reported since 2017 [19,30,31,52,71] and only two studies reported both techniques [17,62] .…”

“…The injection depth is reported to be carried out directly at the orbital bony border [11,13,15,16,19,27,48,71,73,74] , either under the orbicularis oculi muscle [14,24,31,32,50,66,71,74] or subcutaneously [12,33] . The average amount of HA injected into each side is 0.56 mL and ranges from 0.2 mL [12] to 2.0 mL [44] .…”

“…Of the 66 studies included for analysis, the majority [19,24,30,31,33,36,62,69,71,74] were focused on tear trough rejuvenation whilst 10 reported HA injections to treat functional impairments such as lower eyelid retraction [23,35,37,67] , cicatricial [34,41,75] and involutive ectropion [18] , and suprachoroidal buckling [40,58] .…”