“…Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel encounter a significant call volume for patients with mental health or substance use concerns, often described as a behavioral health emergency (BHE; King et al, 2022; Prener & Lincoln, 2015; Roggenkamp et al, 2018). BHEs in this context have been defined as an acute change in conduct that results in a behavior that is intolerable for the patient, family, or society (Bledsoe, 1994). Changes may range from the inability to cope with a stressful situation to people who are suicidal, agitated, or violent and may present a danger to themselves or others (Reich & Ng, 2021).…”