Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements

Cao, Changsu; Hu, Han‐Shi; Li, Jun; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen

doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0901

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…Scerri further described the chemistry-based tables as being less symmetric whereas those at the other end of the continuum were more symmetric and abstract (Scerri 2012a, p. 334). Cao et al (2019) introduced a classification of periodic tables as chemical, pedagogic, or designer. The notion of a chemical table is analogous to Scerri's idea of a chemistry-end to his continuum of periodic tables.…”

Section: Audience: Chemical Pedagogic and Designer Periodic Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table

Vernon¹

2020

Found Chem

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Group 3 as Sc–Y–La, rather than Sc–Y–Lu, dominates the literature. The history of this situation, including involvement by the IUPAC, is summarised. I step back from the minutiae of physical, chemical, and electronic properties and explore considerations of regularity and symmetry, natural kinds, and quantum mechanics, finding these to be inconclusive. Continuing the theme, a series of ten interlocking arguments, in the context of a chemistry-based periodic table, are presented in support of lanthanum in Group 3. In so doing, I seek to demonstrate a new way of thinking about this matter. The last of my ten arguments is recast as a twenty-word categorical philosophical (viewpoint-based) statement.

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Section: Audience: Chemical Pedagogic and Designer Periodic Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table

Vernon¹

2020

Found Chem

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“…Anyway, the concept of one abstract conserved chemical element should always and explicitly be distinguished from the many allotropes and phases of real transformable elementary substances , consisting of a single abstract element only (Van Spronsen, 1969 ; Scerri, 2007 , 2020 ; Cao et al, 2019 ). For example, we distinguish between carbon as the abstract element found in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and such allotropic forms of phases of pure carbon as diamond, graphite, the many different graphenes, nanotubes and fullerenes, and amorphous soot.…”

Section: The Emergence Of Naturally 2-dimensional Tables Of Chemical mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables

et al. 2021

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The chemical elements are the “conserved principles” or “kernels” of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from “chemical tables of chemical elements.” Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the “fix-points” of chemical periodicity; (iv)peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.

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“…4 in one column. Such division into three groups is chemically natural if one recalls that the s-and p-block elements are collectively called representative elements and provide the framework of the periodic table, the d-block elements transition elements, and the f-block elements inner transition elements (Allen and Knight 2003;Cao et al 2019).…”

Section: D Periodic Table Expressing Mendeleev's Periodic Law: Elemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orbital states expressed in the periodic tables actually contain subtle issues. In the atomic table, the applicability of the Madelung (n p + ℓ, n p ) rule is rather involved (Allen and Knight 2003;Schwarz 2010;Cao et al 2019;Pyykkö 2019;Scerri 2020). Stronger core-charge screening by the s electrons, increasing n p energy splitting with increasing Z, and stronger electron correlation (Coulomb repulsion) among the more compact d electrons compared with s electrons, etc.…”

Section: Nuclear Periodic Table and Its Fortuitous Relation To The Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements

2020

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A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (Naturwiss. 8:984-991, 1920), who refined Werner's work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today's widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer's arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev's short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional (3D) helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table "Elementouch" (Maeno in Periodic-table-of-the-elements stationery. Design No. 1149493, Japan Patent Office. https ://www.j-platp at.inpit .go.jp/d0000 , 2001), which combines the sand p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev's periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno in Found Chem 22:267-273, 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magicnumber nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms. We show that the resulting alignments of the elements in both the atomic and nuclear periodic tables are common over about two thirds of the tables because of a fortuitous coincidence in their magic numbers.

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Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements

Abstract: The Periodic Law, one of the great discoveries in human history, is magnificent in the art of chemistry.

Cited by 22 publications

References 132 publications

The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table

The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table

Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables

Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements

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