Physical Meanings of Fractal Behaviors of Water in Aqueous and Biological Systems with Open-Ended Coaxial Electrodes

Yagihara, Shin; Kita, R.; Shinyashiki, Naoki; Saito, Hironobu; Maruyama, Yukiko; Kawaguchi, Tsubasa; Shoji, Kohei; Saito, Tetsuya; Aoyama, Tsuyoshi; Shimazaki, Ko; Matsumoto, Kunihiro; Fukuzaki, Minoru; Masuda, Haruchika; Hiraiwa, Shinichiro; Asami, Kōji; Tokita, Masayuki

doi:10.3390/s19112606

Cited by 14 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In addition, the fractal dimension obtained by the analysis often appears to be a nonsensical result, such as the small value (less than unity) usually shown for protein solutions. However, recent applications of fractal analysis for various moist materials, including biological materials and cement materials, have solved this problem and made fractal analysis a practical analytical technique for water structures [14,30,36].…”

Section: Fractal Analysis Of Water Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A physical picture of HBN dynamics for the molecular mechanism of the GHz frequency process was supported by dielectric studies of hydrogen bonding materials [21,28]. The concept of HBNs also clarifies how a water structure should be considered by fractal analysis [30]. When fractal analysis was first considered, two-dimensional networks of hydrogen bonds among water molecules were discussed, and Eqs.…”

Section: Recent Developments Of Fractal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that sense, there exist no absolute values of fractal dimension, and characterization of structures is always obtained as relative values of fractal dimension dependent on the observation techniques. This universal property of fractal analysis is also available, even in cases that do not deal directly with length scales, such as dielectric spectroscopy [30]. Since length and time scales are indirectly interrelated through the dynamic nature of complex systems, no observation method can be completely independent from both length and time scales.…”

Section: Recent Developments Of Fractal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relaxation mechanism of the GHz frequency process has been explained by cooperative exchanges in hydrogen bonding networks (HBNs) for hydrogen bonding liquid and mixtures [21,28]. Fractal behaviors characterized by the lower fractal dimension were usually shown for more heterogeneous systems [14,29,30]. This result means that HBNs tend to remain even in the lower water content region for more heterogeneous systems and the analysis suggests an application to evaluate the spatial distribution of water molecules in HBN fragments.…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consistency of the hydration model is also considered. Combinations of these evaluation techniques at different scales of observation are also expected to offer additional information for obtaining detailed water structures [14,[29][30][31].…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of water structures in cotton cloth by fractal analysis with broadband dielectric spectroscopy

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Broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements were performed on naturally dried cotton cloth, and a recently developed analytical technique for fractal analysis of water structures was applied to obtain existential states and locations of water molecules in the material. Three relaxation processes observed in GHz, MHz, and kHz frequency regions were attributed to dynamic behaviors of hydrogen bonding networks (HBNs) of water and interacting molecules, polymer chains with interacting ion and water molecules, and ions restricted on the interfaces of larger structures, respectively. Water molecules were heterogeneously distributed in the cotton cloth, and the HBNs remained as a broad GHz frequency process. Fractal analysis suggested that water molecules distributed in the material were characterized by a small value (0.55) of the Cole–Cole relaxation time distribution parameter, indicating spatial distribution of HBN fragments with various sizes in cotton cloth. This result was also supported by the T2 relaxation time obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance for naturally dried cotton yarn. Comparing previous results of dielectric relaxation measurements and fractal analysis with the τ–β diagram for various aqueous systems, the results determined that water molecules cannot exist inside cellulose microfibrils. The fractal analysis employed in this work can be applied to dynamic water structures in any material. The presented analytical technique with a universal τ–β diagram is expected to be an effective tool to clarify water structure detail even for heterogeneous hydrations of the low water content substances. Graphical abstract

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Section: Fractal Analysis Of Water Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Developments Of Fractal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Developments Of Fractal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of water structures in cotton cloth by fractal analysis with broadband dielectric spectroscopy

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Investigation of the molecular description of small molecules in void spaces of wood using dielectric measurements

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Fractal water structures affected by softener agent in cotton cloths

et al. 2022

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Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) measurements were performed on cotton cloth samples with softener agents in natural environments, and a recent analytical technique of fractal analysis refined in dielectric spectroscopy was used for water structures. Three relaxation processes observed in the GHz, MHz, and kHz regions were attributed to the dynamic behaviors of hydrogen-bonding networks (HBNs) of water and interacting molecules, hydrated polymer chains, and ions restricted in the interfaces of large structures. Fractal analysis of the GHz region suggested that the GHz frequency process was retained, even in the dry state, revealing a broad spatial distribution of HBN fragments of various sizes. This typical tendency for heterogeneous hydration in cotton cloth was emphasized by the addition of a softener agent, as the value of Cole–Cole’s relaxation time distribution parameter changed from 0.55 to 0.41. The addition of the softener agent still retained the GHz frequency process, even in the dry state. This result means that the softener inhibited the formation of hydration sites on the cellulose surface and induced the dispersion of hydration sites. Thus, HBNs are fragmented by the softener agent. On the other hand, water molecules still aggregate to retain HBNs in a restricted area. The heterogeneous dispersion of HBN fragments broadens the GHz relaxation process, and the lower-frequency tail overlaps with the lower relaxation process because of chain dynamics with interacting water molecules. The structure formed by these water molecules, which is restricted by polymer chains and related to the stiffening effect of cotton fabric, is also heterogeneously hindered by the appropriate concentration of the softening agent. These indications were also consistent with the T2 relaxation time obtained using the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill method of nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and are consequently reflected in the hydration model for macroscopic properties of cotton fabric. Graphical abstract

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Physical Meanings of Fractal Behaviors of Water in Aqueous and Biological Systems with Open-Ended Coaxial Electrodes

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of water structures in cotton cloth by fractal analysis with broadband dielectric spectroscopy

Evaluation of water structures in cotton cloth by fractal analysis with broadband dielectric spectroscopy

Investigation of the molecular description of small molecules in void spaces of wood using dielectric measurements

Fractal water structures affected by softener agent in cotton cloths

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