Physical Indices and Clinical Assessments of the Nutrition of Schoolchildren

Jones, R. H.

doi:10.2307/2980653

Cited by 25 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Discrepancies attributable to the observer have been demonstrated in many branches of medicine-for example, in taking histories of patients (Cochrane et alii, 1951), in eliciting physical signs in emphysema (Fletcher, 1952), in detecting cyanosis (Comroe and Botelho, 1947), in assessing the nutritional state of children (Jones, 1938), in the interpretation of bronchoscopic findings (Houghton and Joules, 1953), in the opinions given on microscopic sections (Cole, 1936), and even in the counting of red cells (Biggs and MacMillan, 1948). But the activity which has attracted most attention in this regard is the reading of chest radiographs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Opinions of Radiological Changes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Whyte

1955

Australasian Annals of Medicine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Opinions of Radiological Changes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Whyte

1955

Australasian Annals of Medicine

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“…Any extension of the number of categories beyond this is regarded, in our experience, with misgiving." In such a case, and in most cases of personality, or clinical (Jones, 1938), assessment, the rater has only a general idea of the numerical value of the measure behind the attribute and the correlation with any criterion is very low. And for cases of low correlation, Table 2 indicates that it is appropriate to use only a few categories in our rating scale.…”

Section: Categories In Rating Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categories in Rating Scales: How Many and How Big?

Sandon¹

1959

Brit J of Edu Psychol

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Summary. Various bases have been proposed to give the number and relative frequencies of the categories used in rating scales. There is always the possibility of error of estimate and it is misleading to give ratings that may be grossly at fault. From a consideration of: the possibility of a rater being able to estimate fairly accurately the typical performance of a ratee, the possibility of the rater being able to estimate fairly accurately how that typical performance of the ratee compares with that of all ratees, and the purpose of the rating scales, suggestions are made to show how rules can be derived to indicate how many categories (literal grades) should be used and what should be the relative frequencies in these. The rules depend on the assumption that there is a normal distribution of the quality reviewed and on the requirement that any literal grade that may be assigned to any individual should not be more than one grade out in 95 per cent. of the cases. They can be modified for finer discrimination, or if we allow for other probabilities or for wider errors; and it is suggested that the conclusions are valid when the assumption of normality does not hold. The more accurately an estimate can predict the criterion, the finer can be the classification.

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Physical Fitness in Terms of Physique, Development and Basal Metabolism

Wetzel¹

1941

JAMA

109

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A new method for evaluating physical fitness, based on the use of a grid to aid in this purpose, is described in the present paper. The method is particularly adapted to clinical work, since it requires as initial measurements merely routine data on weight, height and age. In return for these data, and these alone, it supplies objective ratings on physique (body build), development, nutritional grade, physical status and age advancement and, in addition, information on certain other items of importance. A concrete record is thus constructed which complements the subjective result gained by clinical examination. It is, therefore, a special purpose of this paper to show how the grid may aid medical examiners in judging the individual physical state and progress during the long period extending from the close of infancy to fully established maturity. THE NEED FOR A NEW METHODThe need for an instrument of this kind is widely felt. Souther, Eliot and Jenss 1 have remarked : "With the public conscience demanding protection of the health of the child and the school medical services expanding to meet this need, the development of a simple economical but accurate means of assessing the child's state of well being or physical fitness is in order." Today much of the information in medical records which refers to physical fitness is summed up in very general phrases such as "well developed and well nourished." In spite of countless attempts to standardize various physical dimensions and repeated exhortations to use them with understanding, physicians, school and public health officials and even laymen have come more and more to treat simple physical measure¬ ments, such as weights and heights, as all but worthless. The situation has not been remedied by the introduction of more extensive measurements comprising so-called batteries of tests.2 Not only have recommendations been made to measure many different diameters, lengths and circumferences of the body and even thicknesses of the skin and subcutaneous tissues in the trunks and limbs, but also rather ambitious plans have been proposed to estimate the content of vitamins, hormones, min¬ erals and other substances in blood and urine, as well as to undertake roentgen studies of bones and performance tests on heart, lungs and muscle.2 This trend toward making the routine of examination and the methods of dealing with the troublesome question of physical state continually more complicated has been encouraged by repeated failure to establish consistent and reliable standards of comparison for simple physical measurements.The difficulties in the problem are important and should be touched on briefly. The success of estimating physical fitness by clinical examination has found scarcely more than 50 to 70 per cent agreement between experienced physicians.3 Tables of height and weight, even when they are used in conjunction with medical estimates of physicians, have repeatedly been shown to possess no more than 60 per cent overall reliability in differentiating between persons of sa...

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Physical Indices and Clinical Assessments of the Nutrition of Schoolchildren

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Differences in Opinions of Radiological Changes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Differences in Opinions of Radiological Changes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Categories in Rating Scales: How Many and How Big?

Physical Fitness in Terms of Physique, Development and Basal Metabolism

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