Physical Inactivity and Obesity: A Vicious Circle

Pietiläinen, Kirsi H.; Kaprio, Jaakko; Borg, Patrik; Plasqui, Guy; Yki‐Järvinen, Hannele; Kujala, Urho M.; Rose, Richard J.; Westerterp, Klaas R.; Rissanen, Aila

doi:10.1038/oby.2007.72

Cited by 289 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…36,37 Among participants in this study, 70 % had a BMI > 25 (overweight) and 39 % had a BMI > 30 (obese); further indication that these participants may be relatively sedentary. 58 Nevertheless, participants had a high engagement rate: 96.4 % of them completed the 26-week study despite no financial incentive of any kind during the follow-up period. This success may be due to the smartphone-based approach to data collection, which required little additional individual effort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

et al. 2016

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BACKGROUND: More than half of adults in the United States do not attain the minimum recommended level of physical activity to achieve health benefits. The optimal design of financial incentives to promote physical activity is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of individual versus team-based financial incentives to increase physical activity. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial comparing three interventions to control. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and four adult employees from an organization in Philadelphia formed 76 four-member teams. INTERVENTIONS: All participants received daily feedback on performance towards achieving a daily 7000 step goal during the intervention (weeks 1-13) and follow-up (weeks 14-26) periods. The control arm received no other intervention. In the three financial incentive arms, drawings were held in which one team was selected as the winner every other day during the 13-week intervention. A participant on a winning team was eligible as follows: $50 if he or she met the goal (individual incentive), $50 only if all four team members met the goal (team incentive), or $20 if he or she met the goal individually and $10 more for each of three teammates that also met the goal (combined incentive). MAIN MEASURES: Mean proportion of participantdays achieving the 7000 step goal during the intervention. KEY RESULTS: Compared to the control group during the intervention period, the mean proportion achieving the 7000 step goal was significantly greater for the com- There were no significant differences between arms during the follow-up period (weeks 14-26). CONCLUSIONS: Financial incentives rewarded for a combination of individual and team performance were most effective for increasing physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02001194.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

et al. 2016

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“…In the MZ obesity-discordant pairs, physical inactivity was both causative and secondary to the development of obesity. 31 Physical activity was significantly reduced already at age 16, and it was only after this that the weight differences began to appear. This was interpreted to support the causal role of physical inactivity in the young on the subsequent development of obesity.…”

Section: Development Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 However, the total energy expenditure and activity-induced energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water did not differ between the co-twins. This discrepancy may be explained by the fact that the obese twins, while moving on average less, do expend more energy when they do because of their higher body weight.…”

Section: Development Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes and consequences of obesity: the contribution of recent twin studies

et al. 2011

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Obesity is a genetically complex disorder that produces a myriad of health problems. Most of the recognized complications of obesity are not only strongly influenced by lifestyle factors, but also present with independent genetic predispositions that are notoriously difficult to disentangle in humans. Most studies on the causes and consequences of acquired obesity are encumbered by the incomplete ability to control for genetic influences. However, utilizing a unique experiment of nature, namely monozygotic twins (MZ) discordant for obesity as 'clonal controls' of obese and non-obese individuals has enabled the fine characterization of the effects and possible antecedents of acquired obesity while controlling for the genetic background, as well as pointed to novel obesity predisposing candidate genes. This review is a distillation of the findings from more than 10 years of research done in an exceptionally well-characterized collection of MZ and dizygotic (DZ) twins, based on the Finnish Twin Cohorts. Topics covered include the nature of development of obesity from the childhood onwards, the role of exercise in modifying the genetic susceptibility, the resulting inflammatory, prediabetic and preatherosclerotic changes in whole body and adipose tissue physiology, as well as the newest insights provided by the omics revolution. Keywords: adipose tissue; inflammation; liver fat; insulin resistance; BMI; metabolic syndrome INTRODUCTION Across time people have been fascinated by monozygotic (MZ) twins and their striking similarities in appearance, behavior as well as aspects of health and disease. In mythology, twins are often described as two halves of a whole, or alternatively as polar opposite representations of good and evil. MZ twins result from the early splitting of a single zygote and thereby are identical at the level of DNA sequence (precluding somatic mutations, epigenetic modifications and other genetic changes), whereas dizygotic (DZ) twins result from two different ova being fertilized by two separate sperm and share on average 50% of their segregating genes---just as ordinary siblings in a family. Most of the early genetic research into the heritability and variance of human traits was based on measuring the differences in within-pair correlations of various phenotypic traits between pairs of MZ and DZ twins. In addition to complex, continuous phenotypes such as height, weight and aspects of personality where MZ twins exhibit a high degree of similarity, MZ twins are nearly always concordant for Mendelian genetic diseases. Studying cases where MZ twins present with differences in the manifestation (onset, severity, response to treatment, and so on) of Mendelian diseases has helped to uncover disease mutations as well as broadened the clinical spectrum of diseases previously thought to be more uniform in presentation (Reviewed by Zwijnenburg et al., 2010). 1 Recently discordant MZ twins have also been utilized in the hunt for polymorphisms contributing to complex traits such as obesity. 2 Twin studies ha...

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“…1,2 Earlier studies have documented an association between sedentary behavior and obesity, 3 as well as an inverse relationship between habitual physical activity and obesity. 4,5 Sedentary lifestyle is a strong predictor of obesity, 6 and physical activity is considered important in the prevention of weight gain. [7][8][9] Further, we have recently shown that persistent physical activity is associated with decreased rate of weight gain and a smaller waist circumference (WC) during a follow-up period of 30 years, 10 even after controlling for genetic background and shared environmental factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity reduces the influence of genetic effects on BMI and waist circumference: a study in young adult twins

et al. 2008

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Objective: Both obesity and exercise behavior are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. However, whether obesity and physical inactivity share the same genetic vs environmental etiology has rarely been studied. We therefore analyzed these complex relationships, and also examined whether physical activity modifies the degree of genetic influence on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Methods: The FinnTwin16 Study is a population-based, longitudinal study of five consecutive birth cohorts (1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979) of Finnish twins. Data on height, weight, WC and physical activity of 4343 subjects at the average age of 25 (range, 22-27 years) years were obtained by a questionnaire and self-measurement of WC. Quantitative genetic analyses based on linear structural equations were carried out by the Mx statistical package. The modifying effect of physical activity on genetic and environmental influences was analyzed using gene-environment interaction models. Results: The overall heritability estimates were 79% in males and 78% in females for BMI, 56 and 71% for WC and 55 and 54% for physical activity, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between physical activity and WC in males (r ¼ À0.12) and females (r ¼ À0.18), and between physical activity and BMI in females (r ¼ À0.12). Physical activity significantly modified the heritability of BMI and WC, with a high level of physical activity decreasing the additive genetic component in BMI and WC. Conclusions: Physically active subjects were leaner than sedentary ones, and physical activity reduced the influence of genetic factors to develop high BMI and WC. This suggests that the individuals at greatest genetic risk for obesity would benefit the most from physical activity.

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Physical Inactivity and Obesity: A Vicious Circle

Cited by 289 publications

References 35 publications

Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Causes and consequences of obesity: the contribution of recent twin studies

Physical activity reduces the influence of genetic effects on BMI and waist circumference: a study in young adult twins

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