Physical fitness is a major determinant of femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density.

Pocock, Nicholas; Eisman, John A.; Yeates, Michael G.; Sambrook, Philip N.; Eberl, Stefan

doi:10.1172/jci112618

Cited by 251 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Our MEM weighed more than the runners, but normalizing BMD for weight did not materially alter this result. In contrast to Pocock et al (35), we found no significant relationship between physical fitness, defined by VO 2 max., and bone density. We have previously shown that highimpact weight-bearing activity, such as gymnastics, may provide loading forces powerful enough to stimulate osteogenesis (36).…”

Section: Journal Of Endocrinology (1998) 138contrasting

confidence: 99%

Relationship of chronic endurance exercise to the somatotropic and sex hormone status of older men

Cooper

Taaffe

Guido

et al. 1998

European Journal of Endocrinology

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To investigate putative abrogating effects of habitual endurance exercise on age-related changes in endocrine function and body composition, we compared insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), sex hormonal status and body composition in 15 Masters runners and 15 minimally exercising men (MEM) aged 60-70 years. A higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max.) in the runners (41.4 Ϯ 1.6 compared with 27.3 Ϯ 1.4 ml/kg/min, P ¼ 0.0001; mean Ϯ S.E.M.) reflected our group allocations. Analysis of body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry showed no group differences in lean tissue mass or in regional or whole body BMD, but MEM were heavier, reflecting greater adiposity. Of nine muscle groups tested, only quadriceps strength differed significantly, being greater in runners (60.3 Ϯ 2.8 compared with 51.1 Ϯ 2.3 kg, P ¼ 0.02). Total IGF-I (129 Ϯ 10 compared with 124 Ϯ 11 ng/ml, P ¼ 0.72) and IGF-binding protein-3 (2854 Ϯ 94 compared with 2623 Ϯ 128 ng/ml, P ¼ 0.16), were similarly depressed compared with young adult norms in both groups. There was no relationship between total or bioavailable IGF-I and any body composition, BMD or muscle strength variable. In the runners, concentrations of total testosterone (19.1 Ϯ 0.8 compared with 15.0 Ϯ 0.9 nmol/l, P ¼ 0.002) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (124.4 Ϯ 21.6 compared with 67.7 Ϯ 11.6 nmol/l, P ¼ 0.03) were significantly greater, but the free androgen index was significantly lower (20.7 Ϯ 2.7 compared with 31.4 Ϯ 4.1, P ¼ 0.04). Directly measured free testosterone, however, was similar between the runners and MEM (47.9 Ϯ 1.8 compared with 47.1 Ϯ 2.0 nmol/l, P ¼ 0.80). Therefore the group differences in total testosterone and free androgen index were due to their different SHBG concentrations. Although estrone concentration was higher in MEM (85.1 Ϯ 5.2 compared with 108 Ϯ 6.7 pmol/l, P ¼ 0.03), estradiol concentration was similar between groups (73.0 Ϯ 6.3 compared with 81.8 Ϯ 8.0 pmol/l, P ¼ 0.18), indicating that estrogens were not responsible for the increased SHBG in runners. These results indicate that even high levels of regular endurance exercise do not prevent the decline in the somatotropic axis that occurs with aging. Furthermore, the somatic effects of exercise in older men (reduced adiposity and increased regional muscle strength) occurred independently of somatotropic or androgen status. Although habitual exercise does not influence free testosterone concentrations in older men, it appears to enhance the age-associated increase in SHBG synthesis.

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Section: Journal Of Endocrinology (1998) 138contrasting

confidence: 99%

Relationship of chronic endurance exercise to the somatotropic and sex hormone status of older men

Cooper

Taaffe

Guido

et al. 1998

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…McVeigh et al 32) observed an inverse response relationship between less activity, filled in questionnaire self-reporting method, and the likelihood of mineralization in rheumatoid arthritis. The present data agree with previous findings that less physical activity, as well as low fitness, are related to bone metabolic disease including osteopenia and osteoporosis 21,24) . However, this study had several limitations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Low grip strength has usually been less strongly associated with the risk of bone metabolic diseases compared to higher strength 20) . A number of studies of hand grip strength and BMD have been performed long ago, and the test was used to measure physiologic function in the elderly 4,[20][21][22] . The results of the present study, indicating a link between low grip strength and increased prevalence of osteopenia, might lead to changes in the decreasing BMD in middle-aged men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Osteopenia According to Physical Fitness in Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kim

Yoon

Kim

et al. 2017

Ann Geriatr Med Res

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Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) has been associated with fitness, nutrition, lifestyle, and genetic factors such as sex and race. The aim of this study was to determine whether athletic performance in middle-to-old-aged men affected the development of osteopenia. Methods: This cross-sectional study pooled data collected from 3,560 men in their 40-70's. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine 1-4 and the femoral neck. The fitness tests included strength (grip strength), flexibility (trunk forward flexion), and cardiopulmonary fitness (maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max). Results: The participants in the normal and osteopenia groups were aged 49.9±5.0 (mean±standard deviation) and 50.4±5.1 years, respectively. Those in the highest quartile (Q4) of VO2max had a significantly increased risk of having osteopenia (adjusted odds ratio 1.687; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.193-2.387; p=0.003). Participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of grip strength had a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio (1.445) of having osteopenia (95% CI, 1.099-1.857; p=0.009). Finally, flexibility was 1.454 times higher for the lowest group (Q4) than for the highest group (Q1) (95% CI, 1.194-1.887; p=0.003). Conclusion: Higher levels of cardiopulmonary fitness and flexibility in middle-aged men may decrease the prevalence of osteopenia and prevent loss of BMD.

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“…For a patient with the average (mean) femoral BMD, a variation in physical activity within the normal range seen in the present study (i.e., mean t_ 2 SD) could account for an 18.5% variation in the observed BMD. This is consistent with our recent finding that physical fitness, measured as predicted maximum oxygen uptake, is an important determinant of femoral neck BMD in normal women (21). Loss of function associated with joint involvement precludes the use of such objective methods of assessing physical fitness and activity in RA patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Physical fitness is a major determinant of femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density.

Cited by 251 publications

References 34 publications

Relationship of chronic endurance exercise to the somatotropic and sex hormone status of older men

Relationship of chronic endurance exercise to the somatotropic and sex hormone status of older men

Prevalence of Osteopenia According to Physical Fitness in Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

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