Physical exercise, neuroplasticity, spatial learning and memory

Cassilhas, Ricardo Cardoso; Tufik, Sérgio; Mello, Marco Túlio de

doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2102-0

Cited by 243 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Bed rest studies are also important tools for understanding the impact of exercise countermeasures on other physiologic systems related to spaceflight. There is considerable evidence for positive effects of exercise on brain plasticity and function 67 and immune function 68 in Earth populations, and a recent study has demonstrated the impact of exercise on immune biochemical factors in bed rest, 55 there is little knowledge available regarding these relationships in the spaceflight setting. With respect to pharmaceutical treatment, there is lack of information on dose-response relationships of drug approaches to combat bone loss (e.g., bisphosphonates) and on synergies between exercise and anti-resorptive treatment.…”

Section: Bone and Muscle Loss Countermeasures: Bed Rest Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on muscle and bone research priorities

et al. 2017

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Without effective countermeasures, the musculoskeletal system is altered by the microgravity environment of long-duration spaceflight, resulting in atrophy of bone and muscle tissue, as well as in deficits in the function of cartilage, tendons, and vertebral disks. While inflight countermeasures implemented on the International Space Station have evidenced reduction of bone and muscle loss on low-Earth orbit missions of several months in length, important knowledge gaps must be addressed in order to develop effective strategies for managing human musculoskeletal health on exploration class missions well beyond Earth orbit. Analog environments, such as bed rest and/or isolation environments, may be employed in conjunction with large sample sizes to understand sex differences in countermeasure effectiveness, as well as interaction of exercise with pharmacologic, nutritional, immune system, sleep and psychological countermeasures. Studies of musculoskeletal biomechanics, involving both human subject and computer simulation studies, are essential to developing strategies to avoid bone fractures or other injuries to connective tissue during exercise and extravehicular activities. Animal models may be employed to understand effects of the space environment that cannot be modeled using human analog studies. These include studies of radiation effects on bone and muscle, unraveling the effects of genetics on bone and muscle loss, and characterizing the process of fracture healing in the mechanically unloaded and immuno-compromised spaceflight environment. In addition to setting the stage for evidence-based management of musculoskeletal health in long-duration space missions, the body of knowledge acquired in the process of addressing this array of scientific problems will lend insight into the understanding of terrestrial health conditions such as age-related osteoporosis and sarcopenia.

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Section: Bone and Muscle Loss Countermeasures: Bed Rest Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on muscle and bone research priorities

et al. 2017

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“…Despite the well-established benefits of chronic exercise on cognition and learning processes (Cotman and Berchtold 2002;Hillman et al 2003Hillman et al , 2014Cassilhas et al 2015;Prakash et al 2015), the lingering changes in the brain produced by habitual exercise are not sufficient to enhance fear extinction (Greenwood et al 2009). Moreover, maintenance of chronic exercise is essential for use in a clinical setting, yet maintaining regular exercise is a constant challenge and long-term exercise adherence rates are low (Dishman 1982;Hogg et al 2012;Zuckoff 2012) even when initial motivation is high (Van Roie et al 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Acute exercise enhances the consolidation of fear extinction memory and reduces conditioned fear relapse in a sex-dependent manner

et al. 2017

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Fear extinction-based exposure therapy is the most common behavioral therapy for anxiety and trauma-related disorders, but fear extinction memories are labile and fear tends to return even after successful extinction. The relapse of fear contributes to the poor long-term efficacy of exposure therapy. A single session of voluntary exercise can enhance the acquisition and consolidation of fear extinction in male rats, but the effects of exercise on relapse of fear after extinction are not well understood. Here, we characterized the effects of 2 h of voluntary exercise during the consolidation phase of contextual or auditory fear extinction learning on long-term fear extinction memory and renewal in adult, male and female, LongEvans rats. Results indicate that exercise enhances consolidation of fear extinction memory and reduces fear relapse after extinction in a sex-dependent manner. These data suggest that brief bouts of exercise could be used as an augmentation strategy for exposure therapy, even in previously sedentary subjects. Fear memories of discrete cues, rather than of contextual ones, may be most susceptible to exercise-augmented extinction, especially in males. Additionally, exercise seems to have the biggest impact on fear relapse phenomena, even if fear extinction memories themselves are only minimally enhanced.

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“…Currently, scientific information indicates that Fitness Medicine neuroplasticity extends beyond the developmental period into the adult period and plays a significant role in processes such as learning and gaining new skills, consolidation and recall of memories as well as healing after injury. Neuroplasticity is mediated by different mechanisms causing both functional and morphological changes in the CNS-like neurogenesis, apoptosis, increase and/or decrease in synaptic activity and reorganization of the neuronal network [3][4][5][6]. Of these, though neurogenesis is a mechanism only accepted since the 1960s, currently it is well known that newborn neurons can be formed in the olfactory bulb and DG of the adult mammalian brains [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Exercise and Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned before, the hippocampus has a unique role in learning and memory formation, with high capacity for neuroplasticity. There are many studies showing exercise strongly stimulates neuroplasticity in the hippocampus [1][2][3][4][5]. Rearrangement of DG morphology, especially, in response to exercise is noteworthy, with increases in total length and complexity of granular cells, spine density in dendrites and neurogenesis.…”

Section: Exercise and Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rearrangement of DG morphology, especially, in response to exercise is noteworthy, with increases in total length and complexity of granular cells, spine density in dendrites and neurogenesis. These effects of exercise are not limited to the DG, but include entorhinal cortex and CA1 pyramidal cells [3,5,48]. However, it should be noted that exercise-induced neurogenesis occurs specifically in DG subfield of hippocampus [4][5][6].…”

Section: Exercise and Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurophysiological Effects of Exercise

Cirrik¹,

Hacioglu²

2016

Fitness Medicine

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Convincing findings from animal and clinical studies have shown that exercise improves mood and cognition in addition to cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. Exercise, with the greatest effects on the hippocampus, which has a central role in learning and memory, increases neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Although the exact molecular mechanisms responsible for the exercise-induced neuroplasticity need to be clarified, some neurotrophic and angiogenic factors (e.g. BDNF, IGF-1, bFGF2 and VEGF) and different neurotransmitter systems (glutamate, GABA, endocannabinoids and monoamines) may have critical contributions in these processes. Exercise-induced changes in the brain morphology, chemistry and functions seem to be responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise, like improved learning and memory, anti-depressantlike and anxiolytic effects, reduced cognitive decline related to ageing and improvements in symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, after discussing basic neurophysiological information regarding the brain, cognition, neurotransmitter systems, neural plasticity, learning, memory and behaviour tasks, the focus is on the exercise-induced changes in neuroplasticity, cognitive functions and mood and the factors mediating the effects of exercise, and finally, the effect of exercise on ageing and neurodegenerative diseases is discussed.

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Physical exercise, neuroplasticity, spatial learning and memory

Cited by 243 publications

References 107 publications

Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on muscle and bone research priorities

Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on muscle and bone research priorities

Acute exercise enhances the consolidation of fear extinction memory and reduces conditioned fear relapse in a sex-dependent manner

Neurophysiological Effects of Exercise

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