Physical exercise, gut, gut microbiota, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its risk can be independently decreased by regular physical activity. Recently, ASCVD and its risk factors were found to be impacted by the gut microbiota through its diversity, distribution and metabolites. Meanwhile, several experiments demonstrated the relationship between physical exercise and diversity, distribution, metabolite of the gut microbiota as well as its functions on the lipid metabolism and chronic systematic inflammation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of physical exercise on ASCVD through modulation of the gut microbiota and intestinal function.

A Review of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Personalized Sports Nutrition

“…Numerous reviews have been published highlighting the effect of exercise on the gut microbiota (39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56). However, the primary focus of these reviews has been the implications for aspects of host health, such as the immune system and risk of chronic diseases.…”

Microbial regulation of organismal energy homeostasis

“…Exercise. According to recent studies in both mice and humans, another important factor that modulates gut microbial composition and diversity in both the short- 151 and long-term is exercise 152,153 . Currently, the mechanisms by which exercise causes changes in the microbiota are not fully understood, but there are probably several factors and pathways involved 154 (Fig.…”

The Gut Microbiota and Its Implication in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Diseases

“…The benefits of regular physical activity against cardiovascular problems are widely known. Recent studies have revealed how physical exercise affects gut microbiota [186][187][188][189][190]. Increased levels of Bacteroidetes and decreased of Firmicutes were observed in obese adults who had moderate to severe aerobic exercise for 10 weeks [191].…”

“…Increased levels of Bacteroidetes and decreased of Firmicutes were observed in obese adults who had moderate to severe aerobic exercise for 10 weeks [191]. Although no direct evidence supports the idea that physical exercise prevents atherosclerotic CVD through changing the gut microbiota and by improving systematic inflammation, many studies have supported this hypothesis [186]. Zuheng Liu et al reported that the changes in the gut microbial organization that are produced by physical exercise are associated with cardiac function in myocardial infarction mice [192].…”