Physical Constants of Cellulose

Ganster, Johannes; Fink, Hans‐Peter

doi:10.1002/0471532053.bra036

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…The following data were used in the calculations: E PLA = 1.7 GPa (Wu et al 2004), E cellulose = 167.5 GPa (Tsahiro and Kobayaski 1991), q PLA = 1.25 g/cm 3 (Ganster et al 1999), q cellulose = 1.6 g/cm 3 (Fricke 1924), Dimensions CNW 160 9 10 nm. The volume fraction of the nanoreinforcement was calculating using the following equation (Luo and Daniel 2003):…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the use of plant cellulose nanowhiskers to enhance the barrier properties of polylactic acid

2010

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Polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites were prepared using cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) as a reinforcing element in order to asses the value of this filler to reduce the gas and vapour permeability of the biopolyester matrix. The nanocomposites were prepared by incorporating 1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% of the CNW into the PLA matrix by a chloroform solution casting method. The morphology, thermal and mechanical behaviour and permeability of the films were investigated. The CNW prepared by acid hydrolysis of highly purified alpha cellulose microfibers, resulted in nanofibers of 60-160 nm in length and of 10-20 nm in thickness. The results indicated that the nanofiller was well dispersed in the PLA matrix, did not impair the thermal stability of this but induced the formation of some crystallinity, most likely transcrystallinity. CNW prepared by freeze drying exhibited in the nanocomposites better morphology and properties than their solvent exchanged counterparts. Interestingly, the water permeability of nanocomposites of PLA decreased with the addition of CNW prepared by freeze drying by up to 82% and the oxygen permeability by up to 90%. Optimum barrier enhancement was found for composites containing loadings of CNW below 3 wt%. Typical modelling of barrier and mechanical properties failed to describe the behaviour of the composites and appropriate discussion regarding this aspect was also carried out. From the results, CNW exhibit novel significant potential in coatings, membranes and food agrobased packaging applications.

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Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the use of plant cellulose nanowhiskers to enhance the barrier properties of polylactic acid

2010

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“…[1] As a model substance for the investigation of the biosynthesis and crystallisation of cellulose, bacterial cellulose (BC) from Acetobacter xylinum has been used extensively. [2][3][4][5] Bacterial cellulose can be synthesised on a laboratory scale and is produced by the bacteria in form of fibrillar ribbons of pure and highly crystalline cellulose deposited as a fleece at the surface of the nutrient medium in a static culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray texture investigations of bacterial cellulose

Böhn

Fink²,

Ganster

et al. 2000

Macromol. Chem. Phys.

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Never dried highly swollen bacterial cellulose fleeces produced by the bacteria Acetobacter xylinum were deformed uniaxially and kept under strain during the drying process. The orientation of the crystalline nano‐fibrils was determined by X‐ray pole figure measurements of the (1–10) lattice plane in reflection mode and the (004) interference in transmission mode. Appropriate cuts through the pole figures were used for the determination of planar and axial degrees of orientation. Generally, a uniplanar texture with the (1–10) planes parallel to the fleece surface and an axial component in the draw direction were found. With increasing draw ratio both the axial orientation and the uniplanar orientation in draw direction were improved, whereas transversely the uniplanar texture component broadened slightly. Mechanical strength and modulus were almost doubled and tripled, respectively, for favoured cases. As compared to the wet aqueous samples, a higher coherent deformation of the bacterial cellulose membrane could be achieved by drawing the samples soaked in NaOH solutions with concentrations in the range of 8 to 10 wt.‐%. By the presence of the lye significant improvements of the axial chain orientation of up to 100% could be obtained resulting in a maximum strength of 580 MPa. The improved orientability is likely to be explained by a NaOH‐induced reduction in the number of inter‐fibrillar bridging points formed by H‐bonds

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“…In this context, plant fibres are very interesting for the reinforcement of polymermatrix composites, and among them flax occupies a special position. Indeed, flax is not a food plant and the fibres present good mechanical properties: the tensile strength r R is in the range 400-2000 MPa, ultimate strain e R is between 1.2 and 3 %, the Young's modulus E between 30 and 110 GPa (Baley 2002;Batra 1998;Beukers and van Hinte 2005;Davies and Bruce 1998;Ganster and Fink 1999;Van den Oever et al 2000;Oksman 2001;Sridhar et al 1982;Tröger et al 1998; Van de Velde and Kiekens 2001). The values for E-glass fibres are: r R = 3400 MPa, e R = 4.8 % and E = 73 GPa.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, flax fibres possess specific mechanical properties comparable to those of glass fibres, which make this fibre an interesting material for reinforcement in composite materials (Dittenber and GangaRao 2012;Yan et al 2014a). Thus, due to the low density of the flax fibres compared to synthetic fibres, lighter materials can be produced (*1.4 g cm -3 for flax fibre, *2.54 g cm -3 for glass fibre and *2 g cm -3 for carbon fibres (Baley 2002;Batra 1998;Davies and Bruce 1998;Ganster and Fink 1999;Tröger et al 1998). Mass saving is sought in many fields of applications such as automotive, nautical and aeronautic since it means energy saving.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation of the internal structure of flax fibre cell walls by transmission electron microscopy

2015

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. Abstract The development of the use of flax fibre as reinforcement of eco-friendly composite materials requires a good knowledge of its hydrothermal and mechanical behaviours. To this end the fibre internal structure must be finely investigated. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyse the morphology of the fibre cell walls in terms of the arrangement of the layers and their thickness. Thus, an alternative eco-friendly staining method, based on oolong tea extract was successfully implemented. The results reveal an arrangement at the nanoscale slightly different from the classical four layer model encountered in the literature: the inner layer includes three to four sub-layers. The cell walls comprises two outer layers of relative thickness of about 10 %, a middle layer of about 70 % and a group of thinner layers (called sub-layers) that are contiguous to the lumen with relative thickness of about 20 %.

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Physical Constants of Cellulose

Cited by 30 publications

References 204 publications

On the use of plant cellulose nanowhiskers to enhance the barrier properties of polylactic acid

On the use of plant cellulose nanowhiskers to enhance the barrier properties of polylactic acid

X-ray texture investigations of bacterial cellulose

Investigation of the internal structure of flax fibre cell walls by transmission electron microscopy

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