Physical chemistry of vital phenomena, for students and investigators in the biological and medical sciences

Abstract

The burning of 1 g monosaccharide yields 3.74 large calories, disaocharide 3.95, animal or vegetable fat 9.5, animal protein 5.7. All of this heat is produced by their burning in the body, except in case of protein, which produces only 4.5 calories as it is not completely burned, being eliminated as urea and uric acid and ammonia, etc. The mineral constituents are apparently for the most part dissolved in the water contained in the cell and will be considered later in regard to their effect on the solubilities (aggregation states) of the proteins and phospholipines. Among those constituents occurring only in traces the most important are the enzymes, thermolabile substances of unknown composition which accelerate certain chemical reactions. Some of the enzymes are poured out of the cells (as pepsin, for instance) so that they may be easily obtained, but many enzymes that are supposed to exist in all cells have been looked for in vain. Such are the enzymes that are supposed to accelerate the oxidation of the foodstuffs. It now appears that such oxidations are inseparably connected with the cell structure or to some substance that is destroyed when the cell structure is destroyed. The Archiv de Biologie (Van Beneden).

Production and carbonate dynamics of Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux altered by Thalassia testudinum Banks and Soland ex König

“…Acidification of the world's oceans generated by a global rise in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions is a major ecological concern (Kleypas et al, 1999;National Research Council, 2010;Skirrow and Whitfield, 1975). As atmospheric CO 2 is absorbed by seawater, stoichiometric changes in the carbonic acid system lead to lower concentrations of carbonate ions (CO 3 2− ) and higher concentrations of hydrogen ions (H + ), which translates into lower pH values (Doney et al, 2012;Guinotte and Fabry, 2008;McClendon, 1917McClendon, , 1918. These changes in concentrations of CO 3 2− and H + potentially interfere with sequestration of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) by a broad suite of marine organisms that use this compound to form skeletons, shells, otoliths, statoliths and other key structures (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2007;Kleypas et al, 1999;Kroeker et al, 2010).…”

Detection of Sulfite Waste Liquor in Sea Water

“…It has been shown by Irvine (5) that bicarbonate ions, as well as minute traces of phosphates, borates, silicates, and organic matter, exert a buffering effect and that a relatively large addition of acid is necessary to alter materially the pH of such a buffered solution, especially between pH 5.5 and 8. Therefore, various investigators (3,6) have proposed to set free the C02 by adding acid to increase the hydrogen-ion concentration to 10"4 grams per liter and thus get beyond the range of the buffering effect. By titrat-…”

Verbindende Mechanismen

“…It can be said of her that she has no methods of her own, or that all methods are hers . " 95McClendon (1917), S . 1: "The chemist who turns his attention to biological problems meets at the start a seemingly insurmountable barrier .…”