Physical Characteristics of Tetrahydroxy and Acylated Derivatives of Jojoba Liquid Wax in Lubricant Applications

Abstract

Jojoba liquid wax is a mixture of esters of long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols mainly C38:2–C46:2. The oil exhibits excellent emolliency on the skin and, therefore, is a component in many personal care cosmetic formulations. The virgin oil is a component of the seed of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plant which occurs naturally in the Sonora Desert in the United States and northwestern Mexico as well as in the northeastern Sahara desert. The seed contains 50–60% oil by dry weight. The plant has been introduced into Australia, Argentina, and Israel for commercial production of the jojoba oil. As a natural lubricant, we are seeking to explore its potential as a renewable industrial lubricant additive. Thus, we have chemically modified the carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil structure in order to improve its already good resistance to air oxidation so as to enhance its utility as well as its shelf life in nonpersonal care applications. To achieve this goal, we have hydroxylated its –C=C– bonds. Acylation of the resulting hydroxyl moieties has generated short-chain vicinal acyl substituents on the oil which keep the wax liquid, improving its cold flow properties and also protecting it from auto-oxidation and rancidity.

Transcriptome Analysis of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) during Seed Development and Liquid Wax Ester Biosynthesis

“…Jojoba produces about 65% oil in its seeds with specific characteristics known as liquid wax. The oil from a jojoba seed is different from other plant oil (triglycerides) in that it is mainly composed of liquid wax esters (long chain fatty acid esterified to a long chain fatty alcohol) [1][2][3]. The United States is the main producer of jojoba oil [4].…”

Experimental and Molecular Level Analysis of the Tribological and Oxidative Properties of Chaulmoogra Oil

“…Vegetable oils are triacylglycerides (TAGs), and the general structure is shown in Figure 1 [8], where R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 represent the hydrocarbon chain of different fatty acids. Some exceptions are present like jojoba oil which is liquid wax [9]. Typical vegetable oils contain a combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with the double bond in the cis-configuration.…”

Nutritional Supplements for Skin Health—A Review of What Should Be Chosen and Why

“…Simmondsia chinensis (commonly known as jojoba oil in the cosmetic industry) is a plant native to North America's Sonora desert known as jojoba [80,81]. As a seed lipid energy store, the jojoba plant makes esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids (waxes) [81,82]. The oil from the jojoba plant is the primary biological source of wax esters and has a wide range of potential uses, including dermatology [82,83].…”

“…As a seed lipid energy store, the jojoba plant makes esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids (waxes) [81,82]. The oil from the jojoba plant is the primary biological source of wax esters and has a wide range of potential uses, including dermatology [82,83]. Jojoba possesses anti-inflammatory characteristics and can be used to alleviate the symptoms of a range of skin disorders, including skin infections, skin aging, and wound healing.…”

“…Jojoba possesses anti-inflammatory characteristics and can be used to alleviate the symptoms of a range of skin disorders, including skin infections, skin aging, and wound healing. Jojoba has also been found to have a function in cosmetic formulations such as sunscreens and moisturizers, as well as to boost topical medication absorption [82,84]. Functions in the restoration of injured skin fibroblasts are drawn to the wound site to begin the proliferative phase of healing and matrix deposition, whereas keratinocytes participate in the re-epithelialization phase.…”