Physical characteristics of capacitive carbons derived from the electrolytic reduction of alkali metal carbonate molten salts

Abstract

Carbons have been synthesized through the reduction of molten carbonate systems under varied conditions.

Influence of Growth Parameters on the Electrochemical Performance of Electrodeposited Carbons

“…The hard carbon samples in this work were grown with a similar experimental setup found in previously published work [17,18]. To grow the hard carbons from the carbonate mixture, a two-electrode setup was used, which was composed of a graphite rod (10 mm diameter-Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) as the reference/counter electrode, and either copper foil (99.98% purity and 0.25 mm thickness), gold foil (99.99% purity, 0.25 mm thickness) or a graphite rod (6.75 mm diameter) as the working electrodes.…”

Molten salt electro‐preparation of graphitic carbons

“…However, the obtained carbon products contain large amounts of amorphous carbon. [27][28][29][30][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] An increased temperature can only slightly enhance the graphitization degree of the obtained carbon. [51,53] In order to convert the amorphous carbons into graphitic carbons, small amounts of additives or catalysts are usually needed, depending on the salt system.…”

“…[27][28][29][30][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] An increased temperature can only slightly enhance the graphitization degree of the obtained carbon. [51,53] In order to convert the amorphous carbons into graphitic carbons, small amounts of additives or catalysts are usually needed, depending on the salt system. The electrolytic parameters such as current density or cell voltage, electrolysis time, and electrode material should be also well controlled to obtain graphite with high quality and well crystallinity.…”

“…Molten Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 eutectic is one of the most commonly used carbonates for carbon deposition, of which the carbon structures are amorphous (at a temperature of close to 700 • C). [51,54,84,99] However, the strategy that deposits trace amounts of Ni at the cathode is proved to be ineffective to yield high quality CNTs (or graphite) in this system. [74] To address this issue, various methods have been proposed and conducted to obtain high quality graphitic carbons in molten Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 .…”

Electrochemical Synthesis of Diamond in Molten LiCl–KCl–K2CO3–KOH

“…Electrochemical CO 2 conversion technology in molten salts has been studied, and numerous reports on carbon electrodeposition for the effective utilization of CO 2 are available. [1][2][3][4][5][6] In previous studies, various types of carbon allotropes, such as amorphous carbon, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] graphite, 10,[20][21][22] and carbon nanotubes, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] have been electrodeposited. However, despite its significant value and diverse industrial applications beyond jewelry, 35 diamond, a carbon allotrope, has never been obtained by electrodeposition.…”