Quenching of luminescence from fluorescent and phosphorescent probes by nitroxide spin labels with a long range electron transfer (LRET) mechanism (44,45) has been tested as a tool to monitor associatiodclustering and conformational changes of cell surface proteins. The membrane proteins were labeled with monoclonal antibodies or Fab fragments conjugated with luminescent probes or water-soluble nitroxide spin labels. The method was tested as a probe of 3 different aspects of protein-protein association involving class I MHC molecules: (1) interaction between the heavy and light chains of the MHC molecules, (2) clustering, selfassociation of MHC molecules, (3) proximity of MHC molecules to transferrin receptors of tibroblasts or surface immunoglobulin molecules of B lymphoblasts. The extent of quenching upon increasing the fiactlonal density of the quencher was sensitive for protein association in accordance with earlier immunoprecipitation and flow cytometric Forster-type energy transfer (FCET) data obtained on the same cells. These data suggest that the LRET quenching can be used as intra-or intermolecular ruler in a 0.5-2.5 nm distance range. This approach is simpler (measurements only on donor side) and h t e r than many other experimental techniques i n screening physical association or conformational changes of membrane proteins by means of spectrofluorimetry, flow cytometry, or microscope based imaging. o 1995 Wfley-Liss, I~C .Key terms: Fluorescence quenching, protein association, clusters, electron transfer, flow cytometry Association of membrane proteins may result in formation of local assemblies, clusters of proteins on the cell surface, or in organelle membranes (9,10,13,15,16, 26-28). These assemblies may be relatively short-lived, induced by external triggering molecules ( 14,15,55), or long-lived, mediated by cytoskeleton ( 4 ) or by membrane cholesterol ( 5 2 ) . Formation and persistence of some assemblies may be genetically determined ( 9 5 5 4 ) . There are several examples of functional significance of protein clustering, particularly in immunology (5-Given the functional significance of protein clusters it is important to probe their formation and dissolution in living cells. Due to the resolution limits of conventional light microscopy, the majority of current techniques for detecting protein clusters on living cells are spectroscopic and based on variations of Forster-type (dipoledipole) resonance energy transfer ( 2 1,3 1-33,43,46,56, 57,60,63). The efficiency of Forster-type energy transfer, a parameter dependent upon proximity of donor-and acceptor-bearing molecules, is determined from either steady-state or time-resolved intensity measurements or showed that quenching of various luminescent probes by water soluble nitroxide quenchers is dominated by a long range electron transfer (LRET) mechanism. This finding, in accordance with other recent LRET observations ( 1,29,36,4 1,45,64), suggests that LRET between electron donors and acceptors carried by Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodi...