Physical and sexual abuse, salivary cortisol, and neurologic correlates of violent criminal behavior in female prison inmates

Brewer-Smyth, Kathleen; Burgess, Ann Wolbert; Shults, Justine

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00705-4

Cited by 97 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, a significant portion of TBI research using incarcerated samples has focused specifically on TBI as it relates to violent criminal behavior. Researchers have explored possible links between TBI and domestic violence (Rosenbaum et al, 1994;Turkstra, Jones, & Toler, 2003;Marsh & Martinovich, 2006), murder (Lewis et al, 1986), and mixed violent offenses (Leon-Carrion & Ramos, 2003;Brewer-Smyth, Burgess, & Shults, 2004).…”

Section: Implications Of Tbi In Offender Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers created their own classification system to describe injury severity (Hawley & Maden, 2003: Turkstra et al, 2003 while others did not report severity levels (Sarapata et al, 1998;Brewer-Smyth et al, 2004). Very few studies were found to have used the CDC, ACRM, or WHO definitions of TBI described above (e.g., Diamond et al, 2007;Schofield et al, 2006;Slaughter et al, 2003).…”

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) Is a Significant Public Health mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While this is the only practical option available in many cases, methodologies varied dramatically in terms of efforts to verify instances of head injury that actually resulted in TBI. Some studies gathered corroborating data from medical records when available or involved a physician in the interview process to assess for TBI symptoms (e.g., Rosenbaum et al, 1994;Brewer-Smyth et al, 2004). Hawley and Maden (2003) used a chart review as their sole source of information on past TBI and the absence of any reported TBI in the chart was considered the absence of a history of TBI.…”

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) Is a Significant Public Health mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, a subgroup of the CDC's TBI workgroup The existing research has primarily looked at the relationship between TBI and violence, and has shown that rates of violence are higher among individuals with TBI (Rosenbaum et al, 1994;Leon-carrion & Ramos, 2003;Brewer-Smyth et al, 2004).…”

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) Is a Significant Public Health mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Traumatic Brain Injury and Executive Functioning in an Incarcerated Sample

Bernett¹,

Diamond²,

Melchert³

et al. 2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING IN AN INCARCERATED SAMPLEAbigail A. Bernett, M.A.Marquette University, 2012 Incarcerated adults in the United States represent a significant segment of the population, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in incarcerated populations has been identified as an area of public health concern. However, not much is known about it because research investigating TBI in incarcerated populations has focused primarily on its relationship to violent behavior. The existing research suggests that a history of TBI may be related to later violent behavior, criminal activity, mental health problems, and poorer institutional and community adjustment. Further, some of the cognitive deficits found in the general population following TBI, including executive dysfunction, have also been found in incarcerated populations. The purpose of the current study was to address a gap in the research by examining the relationship between TBI and executive functioning in a sample of adults incarcerated in the Federal Prison System. The study aimed to describe the neurocognitive functioning of the sample in the domains of IQ, executive functioning, verbal memory, attention, and motor skills. Further, hypotheses based on the theory of cognitive reserve were tested regarding the relationships between TBI, executive functioning, and institution behavior. Overall, the sample demonstrated average performance across the majority of cognitive domains tested. The range of scores in all domains spanned from profound impairment to superior performance. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to look for differences in executive functioning across varying levels of TBI severity, though no significant difference was found. Regression analyses found that lower cognitive reserve was associated with lower executive functioning, though structural equation modeling did not support a relationship between executive functioning and subsequent institutional behavior. Caveats in interpreting test scores, particularly in the domain of executive functioning, are discussed, along with possible explanations for differences in cognitive functioning across incarcerated subgroups. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that correctional institutions increase screening and cognitive testing of individuals who present with risk factors for possible executive dysfunction (e.g., history of violent offenses, TBI) in order to better classify the inmate population. Further, individualized treatment and the incorporation of programming that specifically targets executive dysfunction are recommended.

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Section: Implications Of Tbi In Offender Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) Is a Significant Public Health mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) Is a Significant Public Health mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) Is a Significant Public Health mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Traumatic Brain Injury and Executive Functioning in an Incarcerated Sample

Bernett¹,

Diamond²,

Melchert³

et al. 2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Similar to the findings in men, low morning basal salivary C levels (in samples collected within the first 30 minutes after awakening) have been associated anales de psicología, 2015, vol. 31, nº 3 (octubre) with dangerous violent criminal behavior (including murder) in female prison inmates (Brewer-Smyth, Burgess, & Shults, 2004). In contrast, C levels have been reported to be higher in boys with than without conduct disorder in samples collected in the morning (van Bokhoven, et al, 2005).…”

Section: *) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression predicts Cortisol Awakening Response in healthy young adults

Sariñana-González¹,

Vitoria-Estruch²,

Romero-Martínez³

et al. 2015

AN PSICOL-SPAIN

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Título: La Agresión como variable predictora de la Respuesta Matutina de Cortisol en adultos jóvenes. Resumen: Parece que el cortisol (C) se relacionaría de forma inversa con el comportamiento agresivo, pero esta relación ha sido más claramente establecida con el cortisol vespertino. Sin embargo, la relación con la respuesta matutina de cortisol (CAR) y la influencia del género y la fase del ciclo no estaría tan clara. Este estudio analiza dicha relación en 83 mujeres (38 en fase lútea y 45 en fase folicular del ciclo menstrual) y 20 hombres. La CAR se obtuvo a partir de muestras de saliva recogidas inmediatamente y después del despertar (a los 30, 45 y 60 minutos después). Además, los participantes cumplimentaron un autoinforme de agresión. Los hombres presentan niveles más bajos de CAR que las mujeres en fase lútea y una mayor agresión fí-sica que las mujeres, independientemente de la fase del ciclo en la que se encuentren. Respecto a las relaciones entre las variables, en los hombres la agresión en general y la verbal predijeron la CAR en hombres. En mujeres, la agresión verbal predijo la CAR durante la fase folicular, mientras que la ira y la agresión física durante la lútea. Nuestra investigación apoya que existiría una relación negativa entre el C y las conductas agresivas, incluso con los niveles de C matutino. Además, la relación entre ambas variables fue moderada por el género y por la fase del ciclo menstrual en el caso de las mujeres. Estos resultados podrían incrementar el conocimiento existente sobre los mecanismos envueltos en la violencia. Palabras clave: agresión; respuesta matutina de cortisol; género; ciclo menstrual; sano; joven.Abstract. It seems that aggressive behavior is negatively related to cortisol (C), but this relationship has been established considering the evening C levels. On the other hand, the relationship with the C awakening response (CAR) and the influence of gender and menstrual cycle phase are not well understood. This study analyzed this relationship in 83 women (38 in the luteal and 45 in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle) and 20 men. CAR was assessed by measuring salivary free cortisol levels in samples taken immediately following awakening and 30, 45, and 60 minutes later. Additionally, participants completed a self-report of aggression. Men presented lower CAR than women in the luteal phase. Moreover, they also had higher levels of physical aggression than women, independently of their menstrual phase. Regarding the relationships between variables, in men general aggression and verbal aggression predicted the CAR. In women, verbal aggression predicted the CAR during the follicular phase, whereas anger and physical aggression were predictors during the luteal phase. Our data support the view that there is a negative relationship between C and aggressive behavior, even during the morning, this relationship being moderated by gender and menstrual cycle phase in the women. These findings may help improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved i...

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