Physical and Numerical Modeling of Shoreline Evaluation of the Kizilirmak River Mouth, Turkey

Intervention of Human Activities on Geomorphological Evolution of Coastal Areas: Cases from Turkey

“…Depending on the effective coastal processes, sediment budget knowledge and scope of the study, coastal sediment transport problems can be solved using physical modeling techniques (Hamilton & Ebersole, 2001;Wang et al, 2002;Gravens & Wang, 2007;Kökpınar et al, 2007), or with numerical morphological models expanding from one-dimensional (Hanson, 1987;Dabees & Kamphuis, 1998) to sophisticated 2D or 3D models (Roelvink et al, 2009), or with analytical and empirical approaches. Both empirical and analytical solutions give quick results to the scientists and engineers and are quite practical in early stages of understanding the coastal problems, computation of beach evolution and preliminary design studies, yet, for a detailed investigation of natural processes in coastal areas, physical or numerical models are commonly implemented.…”

“…2). It is the longest river in Turkey, with a length of 1,355 km, draining a basin of 74,515 km 2 (Kökpınar et al, 2007). The amount of sediment carried by the Kızılırmak River was 23.1 million tons/year till 1960's prior to any flow regulatory structures and decreased to 18 million tons/year following the construction of Hirfanlı Dam in 1960, and almost came to a cease with the total amount of 0.46 million tons/year after the constructions of Altınkaya Dam in 1988and Derbent Dam in 1991(Hay, 1994.…”

“…The amount of sediment carried by the Kızılırmak River was 23.1 million tons/year till 1960's prior to any flow regulatory structures and decreased to 18 million tons/year following the construction of Hirfanlı Dam in 1960, and almost came to a cease with the total amount of 0.46 million tons/year after the constructions of Altınkaya Dam in 1988and Derbent Dam in 1991(Hay, 1994. This drastic decrease in the amount of sediment carried by the Kızılırmak River resulted in severe erosion with a maximum 1 km wide band of shoreline since 1988 according to the Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works and from local residents (Kökpınar et al, 2007). The first remedial measure against this severe coastal erosion problem at the river mouth was held in 2000 by State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) based on the findings of the physical and mathematical model studies conducted at the Hydraulic Model Laboratory of DSİ in Ankara, Turkey (Kökpınar et al, 2007).…”

“…This drastic decrease in the amount of sediment carried by the Kızılırmak River resulted in severe erosion with a maximum 1 km wide band of shoreline since 1988 according to the Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works and from local residents (Kökpınar et al, 2007). The first remedial measure against this severe coastal erosion problem at the river mouth was held in 2000 by State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) based on the findings of the physical and mathematical model studies conducted at the Hydraulic Model Laboratory of DSİ in Ankara, Turkey (Kökpınar et al, 2007). It was composed of two Y-type and one I-type groins constructed at the eastern shoreline of the river mouth (Fig.…”

“…The shoreline changes between the second series of groins ( (Kökpınar et al, 2007). The berm height (B), the landward end of the active profile, is assumed as 2 meters.…”