Physical and chemical properties of carbons synthesized from xylan, cellulose, and Kraft lignin by H3PO4 activation

Guo, Yuhai; Rockstraw, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.12.002

Cited by 213 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Stretching vibration at 1,400-1,600 cm -1 corresponds to the aromatic ring or C=C bonding. Presence of this functional group indicates the formation of carbonylcontaining group and aromatization of the precursor [22]. While the band around 1,200 cm -1 is typically represented by the C-O group.…”

Section: Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Typha orientalis leaves

et al. 2014

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Background In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Typha orientalis or commonly known as cattail leaves using physical and chemical activation phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), as dehydrating agent. A twostage process was used, i.e., semi-carbonization stage at 200°C for 15 min as first stage followed by second stage activation, at 500°C for 45 min. The precursor material with the impregnated agent was exposed straight away to semi-carbonization and activation temperature using a laboratory scale muffle furnace (Carbolite RHF 1500, England) under static condition in a self-generated atmosphere.Results The best condition in AC production was based on chemical activation which is AC2 with 2 M of H 3 PO 4 . AC2 has the highest removal efficiency, 97.4 % in 4 ppm concentration of Pb(II) and percentage yield of 62.73 % could be reached. The pH of the AC was controlled in the range 5-6. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, functional groups such as hydroxyl group, lactone group, and carboxyl group were obtained. These were clearly illustrated by scanning electron microscopy micrographs that porous structure was progressively developed with sponge-like structure. Conclusions The Pb(II) adsorption results were best fitted in the Langmuir isotherm for equilibrium data while the adsorption kinetic fitted to the pseudo-second order model. The maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area of the best produced AC was found to be around 1,238 m 2 / g. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 7.95 mg/g.

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Section: Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Typha orientalis leaves

et al. 2014

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“…The band at ~2900 cm -1 is ascribed to C-H axial deformation [18] and the band with its maximum located at 1770 cm -1 is attributed to lactones. The band near 1600 cm -1 is due to C=C stretching vibration in the aromatic ring and is observed for all samples with a very small shift; bands in the region 1000-1300 cm -1 can be attributed to various C-O bands such as those in ethers, phenols, and esters [19]. The bands in the region 850-440 cm -1 are ascribed to alkene vibrations.…”

Section: Ash Content Ph Of Supernatant Ph Pzc and Base Neutralizamentioning

confidence: 93%

Modeling and Characterization of Steam-Activated Carbons Developed from Cotton Stalks

Youssef

Hassan²,

Safan³

2013

Carbon letters

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Physically and chemically activated carbons (ACs) exhibited high adsorption capacities for organic and inorganic pollutants compared with other adsorbents due to their expanded surface areas and wide pore volume distribution. In this work, seven steam-ACs with different burn-off have been prepared from cotton stalks. The textural properties of these sorbents were determined using nitrogen adsorption at -196°C .The chemistry of the surface of the present sorbents was characterized by determining the surface functional C-O groups using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface pH, pH pzc , and Boehm's acid-base neutralization method. The textural properties and the morphology of the sorbent surface depend on the percentage of burn-off. The surface acidity and surface basicity are related to the burnoff percentage. A theoretical model was developed to find a mathematical expression that relates the % burn-off to ash content, surface area, and mean pore radius. Also, the chemistry of the carbon surface is related to the % burn-off. A mathematical expression was proposed where % burn-off was taken as an independent factor and the other variable as a dependent factor. This expression allows the choice of the value of % burn-off with required steam-AC properties.

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“…In CSAC, the wide band in the range of 3804-3200 cm -1 corresponds to the presence of O-H stretching vibration in hydroxyl groups [20]. The band at 1705 cm -1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of C=O in ketones, aldehydes, lactones, and carboxyl groups [21] and the band at about 1570 cm -1 is assigned to C=C vibration in aromatic rings [22]. These bands reflect the biological origin of the precursor.…”

Section: A Xrd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO Loaded Cotton Stalk Activated Carbon Composite on MB and RHB Dyes Under Sunlight Irradiation

Prabu¹

2017

IJRASET

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INTRODUCTION Dyes are widely used in textile, rubber, paper, plastic and cosmetic industries. They discharge high amount of dyes into the water bodies every day [1] and nowadays, this has become one of the most serious environmental problems. Methylene blue (MB) is the cationic dye commonly used for coloring. It is generally used for dyeing cotton, wool, and silk. MB can cause eye burns and irritation to the skin in humans and animals and if ingested, can cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [2]. Rhodamine B is a basic dye widely used as a colorant in textiles and food materials and as biological stains in biochemical laboratories at high concentrations. It causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract if ingested by animals and human beings [3]. Photocatalysis, an advanced oxidation technology employing semiconductors as photocatalysts, is a promising method for treatment of contaminated ground, surface, and wastewater containing various organic pollutants [4][5][6][7]. Various semiconductors such as ZnO [8], CdS [9] and TiO2 [10] have been used as photocatalysts. Among them, ZnO has become very well established in photocatalytic approaches as well as in the environmental catalysis area [11]. ZnO is a semiconductor with a wide band gap (3.3 eV), large exciton binding energy. It is abundant in nature and environment friendly. These characteristics make this material attractive for many applications such as solar cells, optical coatings, photocatalysts, antibacterial materials, electrical devices, active medium in UV semiconductor lasers and in gas sensors [12]. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was recently recognized to be comparable with TiO2 and has received much attention because of its high photosensitivity and stability in degrading various toxic substances [11]. The mechanism of photocatalytic reaction is based on the generation of electron-hole pairs. When a photocatalyst is illuminated, the photo-excited electron migrates from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) and holes are formed in valence band; these holes can generate hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive and oxidizing in nature [13]. Activated carbon (AC) is a nontoxic and low cost adsorbent used for the removal of pollutants such as dyes and heavy metals from the waste water due to its high surface area, porous structure, large adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics [14,15]. Composites consisting of ZnO supported on activated carbon have shown remarkable results in inhibiting bacteria growth [16] and removing metals from aqueous solutions [17]. Present study reports the photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles supported on cotton stalk activated carbon towards degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B under sunlight irradiation. Activated carbon was prepared from cotton stalk by chemical activation using phosphoric acid as activating agent. ZnO photocatalyst and ZnO loaded activated carbons (ZnO/CSACs) were synthesised by chemical precipitation and were...

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Physical and chemical properties of carbons synthesized from xylan, cellulose, and Kraft lignin by H3PO4 activation

Cited by 213 publications

References 33 publications

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Typha orientalis leaves

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Typha orientalis leaves

Modeling and Characterization of Steam-Activated Carbons Developed from Cotton Stalks

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO Loaded Cotton Stalk Activated Carbon Composite on MB and RHB Dyes Under Sunlight Irradiation

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