Physical and chemical modifications of poly(vinyl chloride) materials to prevent plasticizer migration - Still on the run

Ma, Yufeng; Liao, Shengliang; Li, Qiaoguang; Guan, Qian; Jia, Puyou

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104458

Cited by 94 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…Other approaches such as crosslinking and surface grafting have been examined and found to be lacking in thermal stability. 70,71 Further studies on plasticizer migration, plasticizer degradation and the influence of plasticizer degradation products on the degradation of PVC at room temperatures are needed. The migration of phthalate plasticizer had been observed by FTIR spectroscopy and XPS by observing the surface of PVC objects before and after exposure to different conditions that promote the migration.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Migration Of Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics in Heritage Collections: Poly(vinyl chloride) Degradation and Characterization

Rijavec

2020

ACSi

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Museums and galleries house increasingly large collections of objects and contemporary art made of plastic materials, many of which undergo rapid material change. The main degradation processes of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are elimination of HCl and plasticizer migration or leaching. This results in visible discolouration, stickiness and cracking. Degradation is known to be a multi-stage process that includes HCl elimination, formation of conjugated polyenes and cross-linking. Elimination of HCl begins due to structural irregularities (allylic and tertiary chlorides) and results in the formation of polyenes. When at least 7 conjugated double bonds are present, discolouration of PVC becomes visible. Non-invasive techniques, such as IR and Raman spectroscopy are used for polymer identification and plasticizer quantification. Plasticizer degradation and particularly the late stages of PVC degradation can be investigated using SEC, GC-MS, TGA and DSC. Studies in heritage collections have revealed that, apart from HCl, PVC objects emit 2-ethylhexanol and other volatile degradation products, however, there is currently no indication that HCl is emitted at usual indoor conditions. There seems to be a general lack of systematic research into PVC degradation at the conditions of storage and display, which could result in the development of dose-response functions and in the development of preventive conservation guidelines for the management of PVC collections.

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Section: Evaluation Of Migration Of Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics in Heritage Collections: Poly(vinyl chloride) Degradation and Characterization

Rijavec

2020

ACSi

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“…In the last few years, two strategies have been introduced for the replacement of phthalates, namely total or partial replacement of a plasticizers ( Figure 1 ). The pursuit of new compounds was accompanied with numerous tests that were carried out to investigate the physical and chemical properties of PVC blends, as well as toxicological studies of the plasticizers [ 52 ]. When looking for new plasticizers, research has focused on lowering the glass transition temperature (which means that a plasticizer has better plasticization efficiency), associated with an increase in elongation at break value and a decrease in the tensile strength of material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration

2021

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This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhancement in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer performance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend.

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“…According to the type of plasticizer, different strategies can be adopted to prevent the plasticizer migration (such as internal plasticization [32], polymer surface modification [33,34], or addition of nanofillers or ionic liquid [35,36]). The methodologies and the advantages/disadvantages of these strategies are extensively reported in literature [37]. Among the strategies mentioned, the role of micro and nano filler addition on the plasticizer release is particularly interesting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fillers, especially nanoparticles or nanofibrils, are extremely small and they possess a large number of groups capable of interactions on their surfaces that make the absorption of other substances easy. On the basis of these characteristics, the plasticizer migration can be reduced both by the absorption on the surface of plasticizer molecules and by the steric resistance that makes the passage of the plasticizer difficult [37]. On the other hand, filler addition can improve the mechanical properties of the materials (such as toughness) according to the rigid filler toughening mechanism [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various nano-scale and micro-scale fillers with different geometries (such as: montmorillonite, silica, calcium carbonate, and aluminum oxide) are reported to improve not only the properties of polymers such as toughness, stiffness, and heat resistance [40,41] but they also can limit the plasticizer migration [35,38]. For example, it has been observed that organic montmorillonite (OMMT), nano-SiO 2 , and nano-CaCO 3 have a strong adsorption force and diffusion inhibition [35,37]. Therefore, the presence on the fillers surface of functional groups which are active and can easily bond with plasticizer molecules is another important aspect that influences the migration of the plasticizer [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films

et al. 2020

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Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blend-based films containing chitin nanofibrils (CN) and calcium carbonate were prepared by extrusion and compression molding. On the basis of previous studies, processability was controlled by the use of a few percent of a commercial acrylic copolymer acting as melt strength enhancer and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, acetyl n-tributyl citrate (ATBC), a renewable and biodegradable plasticizer (notoriously adopted in PLA based products) was added to facilitate not only the processability but also to increase the mechanical flexibility and toughness. However, during the storage of these films, a partial loss of plasticizer was observed. The consequence of this is not only correlated to the change of the mechanical properties making the films more rigid but also to the crystallization and development of surficial oiliness. The effect of the addition of calcium carbonate (nanometric and micrometric) and natural nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) to reduce/control the plasticizer migration was investigated. The prediction of plasticizer migration from the films’ core to the external surface was carried out and the diffusion coefficients, obtained by regression of the experimental migration data plotted as the square root of time, were evaluated for different blends compositions. The results of the diffusion coefficients, obtained thanks to migration tests, showed that the CN can slow the plasticizer migration. However, the best result was achieved with micrometric calcium carbonate while nanometric calcium carbonate results were less effective due to favoring of some bio polyesters’ chain scission. The use of both micrometric calcium carbonate and CN was counterproductive due to the agglomeration phenomena that were observed.

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Physical and chemical modifications of poly(vinyl chloride) materials to prevent plasticizer migration - Still on the run

Cited by 94 publications

References 169 publications

Plastics in Heritage Collections: Poly(vinyl chloride) Degradation and Characterization

Plastics in Heritage Collections: Poly(vinyl chloride) Degradation and Characterization

Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration

Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films

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