Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Feed Coal and its by-products from a Brazilian Thermoelectric Power Plant

Abstract

In this study, feed coal (FC) from the Figueira Thermoelectric Power Plant (FTPP), located in the state of Paraná (PR), Brazil was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution analysis by laser diffraction, loss of ignition (LOI), total carbon content (TC), pH and conductivity. FC-derived by-products (CCBs) collected at the FTPP were: bottom ash (BA), fly ash from cyclone filter (CA) and fly ash from bag filter (FA). In addition to the techniques used for feed coal characterization, CCBs were also characterized by total surface area (by using BET method), external surface area (by using laser diffraction), cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, besides leaching and solubilization tests. FC sample contains 72.2% of volatile material, of which 55.3% is total carbon content. LOI, FTIR, TGA and TC analyzes corroborated with these results. The main crystalline phases in the FC sample were found to be quartz, kaolinite and pyrite. The elements As, Cr, Ni and Pb were encountered in the FC sample, indicating that the use of FTPP feed coal should be monitored due to the toxic potential of these elements. The three coal ashes were classified as class F according to ASTM and presented similar chemical composition, with total content of the main oxides (SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3) above 72%. Ashes enrichment factor analysis (EF) showed that As, Zn and Pb concentrate mainly in fly ash from bag filter (FA), whereas the elements K and Mg presented higher enrichment in the bottom ash (BA) . All ashes presented quartz, mullite and magnetite as crystalline phases, as well as the same functional groups, related to the presence of humidity, organic matter and Si and Al compounds. XRD, XRF, TGA, FTIR, LOI and TC techniques were correlated and confirmed the obtained results. Total and external surface area values of CCBs were related to the total carbon content (TC), as well as to the results of particle size distribution and the scanning electron micrographs of the samples. On the other hand the CEC of the ashes showed relation with the particle size distribution and with the external surface area. Leaching and solubilization tests of CCBs showed that FA sample was considered hazardous and classified as class I waste, while CA and BA samples were considered non-hazardous and non-inert wastes and classified as class II-A. FA sample from Figueira power plant must be discarded only after treatment or a stringent disposal criterion must be followed to avoid contamination on site. In this work, feed coal sample was also compared to the CCBs samples generated from it. The results showed the differences between fuel and products through the different characterization techniques. In addition to contributing to the understanding of the relationship between coal and its combustion products, this work can also help to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the CCBs disposal, as well as can also be used to compare the characteristics of CCBs from FTPP with the new wastes that will be generated by the same thermal power plant that will be soon modernized.

Valorization of fly ash as zeolite by hydrothermal process for dyes adsorption

“…The surface area of the zeolite was almost the same as the result obtained by Izidoro et al [23] and higher than the results obtained by Ren et al [9] and Makgabutlane et al [12]. The zeolite obtained by [23] through hydrothermal process using 3.5 N NaOH solution with solid/liquid ratio of 1/8 at temperature of 100 o C for 24 hours had surface area of 66.12 m 2 /g.…”

“…The surface area of the zeolite was almost the same as the result obtained by Izidoro et al [23] and higher than the results obtained by Ren et al [9] and Makgabutlane et al [12]. The zeolite obtained by [23] through hydrothermal process using 3.5 N NaOH solution with solid/liquid ratio of 1/8 at temperature of 100 o C for 24 hours had surface area of 66.12 m 2 /g. Meanwhile zeolite obtained by Ren et al [9] through alkali fusion had surface area of 43.7 m 2 /g and zeolite obtained by Makgabutlane et al [12] through microwave irradiation-assisted hydrothermal process had surface area of 29.54 m 2 /g.…”

“…SEM analysis to determine the surface morphology of fly ash and zeolite from fly ash had been carried out with magnification of 1000x as shown in figure 2. Fly ash had spherical shape consisting of various size with smooth surface as obtained by previous studies [12,[23][24][25]. The surface of fly ash became rough after undergoing hydrothermal process.…”

“…This was because zeolite had porous three-dimensional structure. The increased surface area of zeolite supported its application as adsorbent [22][23].…”

“…The surface of fly ash became rough after undergoing hydrothermal process. This was due to the presence of zeolite deposits on the surface of fly ash [12,23].…”